Social Factors

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What “letter” is associated with high and middle classes?

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Government

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1

What “letter” is associated with high and middle classes?

A- professional upper middle class

B- Middle class

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2

Who does C1 represent?

Lower middle class

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3

Who does C2,D,E mainly represent?

Working class

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4

What is partisan dealignment?

Refers to the way in which voters since 1970s have abandoned traditional party loyalties and instead made their voting choices based on a range of factors including governing competence, the salience of core issues and economic self-interest.

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5

What were general elections from 1956-1970 defined by?

Defined by the effectiveness with which labour and conservative parties succeeded in mobilising their core vote.

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6

Who did the conservatives generally rely on for support?

A,B C1 voters

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7

Who did labour generally rely on for support?

C2, D and E voters.

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8

What percentage of AB voters did conservative Alec-Douglas-Home win in the 1964 general election?

78%

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9

what percentage of DE voters did Labours Harold Wilson win in the 1964 general election?

64%

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10

What was Enoch Powells “Rivers of blood” speech in 1968 and what was the significance?

  • Significant numbers of why working class felt that immigration would be more tightly controlled by the conservatives.

  • Powell strongly criticised immigration- issue voting now could determine a general election

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11

What is class dealignment?

Suggests that voters are much les likely to vote according to their membership of a particular social class.

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12

What did Public anger at the “winter of discontent” lead to?

Led to significant class dealignment in the 1979 general election .

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13

What was the significance of Margaret Thatcher and what did she do?

Launched her conservative campaign in about supporting Cardiff to de-associate themselves with only representing the middle class

  • campaigns focus on controlling inflation and confronting trade union power after excessive strikes was so popular that there was an 11% swing to the conservatives by C2 voters and 9%s swing by DE voters.

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14

What was the swing towards the conservatives in 1979 for C2 voters and DE voters?

C2- 11%

DE- 9%

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15

Why was Tony Blair successful?

  • Successful at broadening labours appeal far beyond core support

  • Increased labours share of the vote in all categories

  • Won a majority in all all groups with the progressive “new labour”

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16

What was the influence of corbyn in the 2017 GE among AB voters?

Middle classes swung to labour

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17

Why did Theresa May make striking gains among DE voters?

  • Pro-Europeans in higher social categories wanted to punish the conservatives for Brexit by voting labour.

  • DE voters felt conservatives would be more likely to deliver Brexit and control immigration.

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18

Where do conservatives tend to do better?

  • south east

  • Ethnically white rural parts of the Uk are conservative territory (eg Devon, Cumbria or Northumberland)

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19

Where does Labour tend to dominate?

  • Ethically diverse big cities

  • Large working class populations

  • Major centres of industrial production (eg south wales)

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20

What percentage of London voted for labour in the 2017 General election?

55%

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21

What percentage of the south voted for the conservatives in 2017?

54%

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22

Why do often seats not change hands in a general election?

  • The inbuilt majority that a party has in a particular region.

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23

How many seats changed hands in the 2017 General Election?

71/650 seats

11% of total number

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24

Where are the key battlegrounds that have disproportionally decided the result of the general election?

London and the midlands- labour and conservative focus especially on these areas to win the marginal seats.

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25

What completely changed the political landscape in Scotland?

The SNPS high profile independence campaign during the 2014 general election.

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26

In the 2015 general election how many seats did SNP win?

  • 56/59 seats

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27

How many seats did the conservatives win in Scotland 1997/2015/2017?

1997- 0

2015- 1

2017- 13

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28

What has damaged conservative success in Greater London?

  • Soaring cost of home ownership

  • Dramatic levels of inequality

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29

What further damaged conservative success in 2016?

  • London voted decisively to remain in the EU and now London voters closely associate the conservatives with euro scepticism.

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30

How many seats did Labour win in London 2010/2015/2017?

2010- 38 seats

2015- 45 seats

2017- 49 seats

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31

Which labour constituency did conservatives Brexit and immigration policy help them win?

Mansfield- labour since 1923.

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32

Why have the conservatives traditionally appealed to older voters?

  • Lower taxation

  • Strong national defence

  • Lake and order

  • Brexit

  • Home owners

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33

Why do labour traditionally appeal to younger voters?

  • social justice

  • Environment

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34

How did Jeremy Corbyn successfully connect with young people?

  • Emphasised that labour was on the side of “the many not the few”

  • Pledged to abolish tuition fees

  • Commitment to solving world problems through international organs of global governance such as the United Nations.

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35

What percentage of 18-24 year olds voted for Labour in 2017?

62%

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36

What percentage of 65+ year olds voted for conservative in 2017?

61%

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37

Why have the conservatives benefitted from greater support of an older population ?

Older people are more likely to vote- inbuilt advantage.

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38

What encouraged young people to vote in 2017?

Jeremy Corbyns campaign youth focused campaign encouraged more young people to vote than in any other general election since 1992- still significant imbalance

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39

What was the turnout of 18-24 year olds and 65+ in 2017?

18-24 year olds- 54% voted

65+- 71% and make up more proportion of the Uk population

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40

When have conservatives and labour been at their most successful ?

When they were able to reach beyond their core age support

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41

What lead did Blair have in 1997 over the conservatives in 65+ category?

5% lead.

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42

Why have common wealth immigrant communities been more likely to vote labour?

  • Generally within c2,D,E classes

  • Welfare policies

  • Trade union movement

  • Commitment towards multi-culturalism - provided first race relations act 1965 to outlaw discrimination.

  • “Rivers of blood speech” made them hostile to the conservatives.

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43

How many seats did Corbyn win in Greater London due to empathy towards immigrant communities ?

49/73 seats

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44

How were those who had had higher education amd compromised of top social brackets most likely to vote pre 2017?

Conservative

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45

Why was the 2017 general election surprising in terms of education?

People with a degree or higher- 48% labour

No qualifications- 52%

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46

Why may this be?

Conservatives have won the vote of white working class by aligning themselves with stricter immigration polices- increasing their support by whit working class who feel threatened by globalisation and voted for Brexit.

Labours more liberal approach to immigration and Brexit has led to a dramatic increase in support among the better educated.

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47

How did the conservatives appeal to house wives from 1945-1980?

  • labour associated with sending inflation into a spiral

  • Labour Associated with male dominated trade unionism.

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48

How did Margaret Thatcher secure the vote of house wives in 1979?

  • Articulated Women’s concerns that the labour government had allowed inflation to undermine family finances and that irresponsible trade unionism was pulling society apart.

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49

What percentage of females voted for thatcher in 1979?

47%

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