Afro chapter 8-9

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

Neutral

Not favoring either side

Eugene Jacques Bullard

First African American combat pilot

369th Infantry (Harlem Hellfighters)

The African-American infantry unit that fought with the French Army in WW1 (received highest award in France)

Colonization

One country taking over another area to be used for their benefit

Berlin Conference of 1884

Africa divided unequally among European nations. The rights of Africans were disregarded.

World War 1

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

Black Experience in War

370,000 black soldiers volunteered to fight in World War 1, but they were segregated into only black troops. Only 40,000 of them were allowed to fight in the war, and most of them fought for the French, that being the 369th Infantry division also being called the Harlem Hellfighters

Jacob Lawrence

An African American painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art

Push and pull reasons for the Great Migration

Agricultural (Farm) Problems,- Boll Weevills, floods, droughts ||| Racism ||| World War 1 ||| Newspapers

Boll Weevils

The boll weevil is a beetle that feeds on cotton buds and flowers.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Blues

style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound

Red Summer

summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927 because the FBI thought he was a huge threat to American Society

Black Nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Union founded by A. Philip Randolph in 1925 to help African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company

Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill

introduced in 1921 by Congressman Leonidas Dyer (R) Missouri. the bill was designed to end the crime of lynching nationwide. aided by the NAACP, the Dyer Bill passes the house, but lost in the Senate

Harlem

neighborhood in New York City

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Langston Hughes

This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems.

James Weldon Johnson

NAACP leader and Harlem Renaissance writer; he wrote poetry and, with his brother, the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing."

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

Folklore

The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Vaudeville

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

Causes of the Harlem Renaissance

The rise of radical african american intellectuals, the crisis and civic club dinner, and the great Migration (blacks moved north from South)

Richard Wright

Richard Nathaniel Wright was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes, especially related to the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries suffering discrimination and violence.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

A gifted African-American poet, novelist, and playwright, who became one of the foremost interpreters of racial relationships in the United States and the name most often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Influenced by the Bible, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Walt Whitman, Hughes depicted realistically the ordinary lives of black people.

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Aaron Douglas

A Harlem Renaissance painter whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings.

Sargent Claude Johnson

Multi faceted artist raised by sculptor Mae Howard Jackson

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism.

Black Star Line

Shipping line created by Marcus Garvey to get blacks back to Africa.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

President Herbert Hoover

president of the US during the Great Depression; against federal programs and instant relief

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

Black Cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Dorie Miller

1st black American to earn the Navy Cross for his heroic actions during the Pearl Harbor attack

Segregation in the Military

-at start of war, African Americans were organized into their own units but white officers usually commanded them

D-Day Invasion

Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Benjamin O. Davis Jr.

The first African American General in the U.S. Military, he led the Tuskegee airmen through WWII

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Red Tails

A group of Tuskegee Airmen who flew escort planes for bombers in World War Two.

Returning home from the war

Many African Americans came home from the war hoping for change in the country after many of them had serve, but had came back still to a segregated homeland, ran by Jim Crow Laws