political divisions, the personal role and the short parliament

What caused the period of personal rule in 1629?

The collapse in the relationship between Charles and the political nation, and Charles believe in his own divine right to rule

Who gained even greater importance during child’s personal role as Parliament wasn’t allowed to govern?

The privy council

Who was one of Charles closest advisers until his death in 1635?

Sir, Richard, Weston

Dominant figures in Charles privy council during personal rule?

Sir Richard Weston, William Laud, and William juxon

What two key prerogative courts were there to enforce Charles will and that of privy council during personal rule?

The star chamber and the high commission court

Who made up the star chamber?

Privy, councillors chosen by Charles

What was the role of the star chamber?

Charles used it to hold cases in secret

What was the court of high commission used for?

-It was the chief Court of the church used by laud to enforce conformity

-if a defendant was found guilty, they were sentenced by the star chamber, of which Laud was also a member

Why was finance such a huge problem for Charles?

He failed to secure subsidies from Parliament

By 1629, how much debt was Charles in?

£2 million

How was savings achieved during personal rule, the start of it?

1)by securing peace with France in 1629 and Spain in 1630 through the treaties of Souza and Madrid

2) Weston’s reform of court finance, in order to lower the costs of running Charles Court

How did both measures of achieving savings during personal role have negative political consequences?

1. Charles withdraw from the 30 years war, did not sit right with many puritans, who regarded the destruction of Catholicism as a crusade

2. The reduction in court costs alienated some members of political nation who were used to the decadence of James court

How did Charles seek to increase his income during personal rule?

By using his royal prerogative

How did Charles get crown income through custom duties including tonnage and poundage during personal rule?

-in 1625, tonnage and poundage was only granted to Charles for a year, but he continued to collect it

-from 1631 to 1635. This brought Charles around £270,000 a year.

-in 1635, a new book of rates updated the amount paid on goods, thus increasing the amount the crown received

-by the end of the 1630s, the amount from custom duties had risen to £425,000 a year

How did Charles get income via feudal dues, including wardship during personal rule?

-The crown had the right to run any estate inherited by an heir under 21 years old

-during personal role income from wardship increased by a 3rd to about £75,000 a year

How did Charles gain income by monopolies during personal rule?

-loophole in the monopoly act allowed grants for corporations, which earned Charles £33,000

How did Charles gain income via recusancy fines during personal rule?

-Income from these fines was increased from 5300 a year in 1620s £26,866 a year in 1634

How did Charles gain income through distraint of knighthood during personal rule?

-anyone holding land with an income of £40 a year, or more who had not received a knighthood was fined

-by 1635, Charles had raise nearly £175,000 in

What are the fines did Charles use during personal role to gain income?

-Forest fines which find any landowner said to have encroached on areas of Royal Forest- used to impose fines on major landowners.

-land titles fines for those who rented land from the crown with no clear title to the land /couldn’t prove continuous occupation for past 60 years

-enclosure fines imposed on those who had illegally enclosed or closed off Common land

How have the methods Charles used to increase income during personal role via Royal prerogative been defined?

Fiscal (financial) feudalism

What are the fines were there during personal role?

-£1000 fine on William Palmer for not leaving London, despite orders for the gentry to return to their localities to fulfil their duties.

By exploiting his royal prerogative, how much did Charles annual income raise during personal rule?

-from £600,000-£900,000

Despite the amount that he raised during personal rule, why did this still put him in financial trouble?

-Forest fines, for example, raised only £38,000, but had the political cost of alienating landowners

What was ship money?

-Aperitive form of income, Levite, in times of emergency to find the Navy

How much did ship money raise an average a year during personal role?

Nearly £200,000

On the surface could ship money be judged a financial success?

Yes

Why was Charles less aware of the growing discontent in Scotland?

He cuts himself off from the influential Scottish opinion, and was less aware of it

What actions by Charles alienating the Scots

His imposition of religious uniformity especially with the role of bishops

What happened in Scotland, Saint Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh When the new Laudian prayerbook was read for the first time?

An organised protest became a riot

What did further riots in Glasgow and Edinburgh force Charles Scottish privy council to do in October 1637?

Abandon Edinburgh

What was the Scottish national covenant February 1638?

-written by mainly Presbyterian, radicals, Archibald, Johnston of Waterston, and Alexander Henderson

-A manifesto to unite those against Charles, really just put a sea and maintain Presbyterianism as the main Scottish relation

What were those who signed the Scottish national covenant known as?

Covenanters

In order to find an army to face the Scots covenanters, what did Charles seek?

His right to collect shit money- this brought English backlash to ship money into the open

What was the turning of the Scottish rebellion to armed conflict known as?

The bishops wars

To give himself time to raise an army What did Charles allow the Scots to call?

A religious General assembly in September 1638

In November 1638, what did the religious General assembly at Glasgow proceed to annul?

The Canon laws and abolish episcopacy( government of church by bishops aka Church of England)

Why was Charles army not ready until April 1639?

He encountered problems in collecting ship money

By then the Scots were more prepared to face the kings on trained and unruly soldiers

What was the truce of Berwicke, June 1639?

Agreed to a meeting of a general assembly of the Church of Scotland and Parliament, as well as the disarmament of both armies

What was the outcome of the truce of Berwick?

The covenanters did not trust Charles, so did not disband the army and the Edinburgh assembly and Parliament set about reducing royal power in Scotland

What did Wentworth advise Charles to do in September 1639. As a means of raising money to fight the Scots?

Recall parliament- the short parliament

Why was it called the short parliament?

Charles refused to compromise so dissolved it determined to face the Scots

When did the Scott Centre England?

August 1640

What was the treaty of ripon that Charles agreed to in October 1640?

It stated that Charles would pay the Scottish armies living costs while they occupied English soil

Man, Charles needed to call another parliament to help fund the payments

What was it that really changed Charles position in England rather than opposition amongst the political nation or an island?

Opposition in Scotland

By 1629, what political groups was Ireland divided into?

-Irish Catholics, the native Gaelic, speaking Irish population

-catholic old English descended from the original English settlers

-protestant new English descended from English settlers after the Reformation

-Presbyterians Scotts, based in the plantation of Ulster in the north

When was Thomas Wentworth appointed as Lord deputy of Ireland and the Kings representative?

1632- his role was to stand outside the different factions in Ireland and rule them

Wentworth successes in Ireland

-enhance the authority of the English crown and church over the Irish

-allowed the English crown to profit more from Ireland, by increasing customs duty

How did Irish Protestants view Laudianism?

-too close to Catholicism

Why did the Scottish rebellion 1637 and when it was returned to England from the Irish catholics to rebel?

-presbyterians Scots were controlling Scotland and were in alliance with English puritans, so their glowing inference threaten Catholic Ireland

-since Wentworth was removed, they sought to pre-emptively, prevent radical outsiders, imposing, harsh Protestant rules on them

When did the Irish rebellion begin and how long did it last?

-October 1641- winter 1642

What happened in the Irish rebellion?

Irish Catholics launched a pre-emptive strike against the Protestants in Ulster massacring, at least 3000

When was there English widespread opposition to Charles financial and religious policies?

1637 – under the backdrop of the Scottish rebellion

How did Noble William Fiennes oppose ship money?

Started legal action against the crown with the aim of creating a show trial over the issue. Charles chose not to give him a platform and ignored his refusal to pay ship money.

Who was John Hampden?

A prominent member of the general gentry, and who was significant as he was closely connected to those whom Charles regarded as opponents, including William feinnes, the erl of Warwick and John Pym

What happened in the Hampden case 1637?

-November – Charles took him to court for his refusal to pay shit money. Hoping his prosecution would show he should be obeyed.

-this became widespread knowledge

-The crown anyone buy a narrow majority of seven judges to 5, and was too politically costly for Charles

What is three key factors show Charles personal role was under strain?

A the Scottish rebellion

B growing examples of religious opposition

C the slim victory in the Hampton, K 1637

What was most of the opposition to Charles in England and Scotland, a reaction to?

A puritan reaction to Charles imposition of Laudianism

How was the Scottish rebellion is 1637 a catalyst?

It meant the underlying discontent came to surface in all three kingdoms

What did Charles have to do to deal with the Scottish rebellion?

maintain Parliament in England

What active Charles won him the support of the commens?

When he announced the illegality of ship money as part of his strategy to secure Parliamentary funding to fight the Scots

What became clear in this new parliament?

MPs were not going to vote, subsidies for the bishops war in Scotland

Some figures, for example, PIM were actually in league with the Scott covenanters

What caused Charles to dissolve this parliament?

When he realised that only significant concessions would give him the 12 subsidies, he needed to fight the Scots

What three members of the House of Lords did Charles arrest as he regarded them as his leading critics?

-Warwick, Brook and fiennes

Who did Charles a rest from the house of commons?

PIM and Hampden

What decision by Charles led to civil war in England by 1642

His choice to face the Scots without Parliamentary backing in 1640