Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

4 Steps for Gaining Energy

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination

Food

Solid substance with nutrients

Nutrients in Food

Amino Acids, Sugar, Fatty Acids, Vitamins, and Minerals

Essaential Amino Acids

Help make proteins

Sugar

Used to gain energy; ATP

Fatty Acids

Develops cell walls

Vitamins

Organic in origin; used by different organ systems

Minerals

nonorganic; mostly help bones

Feeding Strategies

Suspension, Filter, Mass, and Deposit Feeding

Feeding Adaptations

Snake jaws and cichlid throat jaws

Incomplete Digestive System

Has only one hole that foods in and wast come out

Complete digestive system

One hole for food too come and another hole for waste to come out

Compartmentalization

Different parts with different jobs

Mouths

Where digestion starts

Saliva

Begins the chemical breakdown of food

Mastication

The process of chewing food, starts the physical break down of food

Esophagus

The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Peristalsis

The process of muscles crontracting an relaxing to move food through the digestive system

Bird Crop

Pouch in bird esophagi that stores food

Stomach

Where digestion is completed physically and chemically

Stomach ridges

Increases surfface area to volume ratio

Stomach acid

Uses HCl to chemically breakdown food

Ruminants

Herbivores with four chamber stomachs

Ruminant Parts

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

Rumen

Contains bacteria that breaks down food and releases methane in the process

Gizzard

Part of birds, crocodilians, and earthworms that helps physically breakdown food

Small Intestine

Might finish digestion, absorbs nutrients for the body

Vili

Line the small intestine, increase surface area : volume ratio to better absorb nutrients

Pancreas

an accessory organ that releases insulin and glucagon

Liver

Accessory organ, detoxifies the body and makes bilee to break down fats

Liver Bile

Breaks down fat and is made of mostly HCl

Gallbladder

Holds the bile that the liver produces

Large Intestine

AKA colon; abosrbs water and vitamins

Coprophagy

Process of eating waste to gain nutrients from it

Appendix

Accessory organ; home to certain bacteria

Gut Microbiome

All the microbes within the digestive system

Pancrease Homeostasis

Releasing insulin when there’s too much sugar; releasing glucagon when there’s too little sugar

Diabetes

A chronic condition where the body is either unable to produce insulin or does not respond to it