AP Biology Units 2-8 Review

AP Biology Exam Review Flashcards (Units 2-8)

All cells have a plasma membrane, __, ribosomes, and DNA.

cytoplasm

__ cells have no membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

__ cells have membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic

The __ stores DNA and controls gene expression.

Nucleus

__ are the site of protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis and __.

detoxification

The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages __.

proteins/lipids

__ are responsible for intracellular digestion.

Lysosomes

__ carry out cellular respiration and ATP production.

Mitochondria

__ conduct photosynthesis in plant/algae cells.

Chloroplasts

__ provide storage and turgor pressure in plant cells.

Vacuoles

The plasma membrane is composed of a __ bilayer.

phospholipid

__ diffusion involves channels/transport proteins.

Facilitated

__ transport requires ATP.

Active

In __ material is engulfed by the cell.

Endocytosis

__ involves the release of materials from a cell.

Exocytosis

A higher surface area:volume ratio allows for more __ exchange.

efficient

__ lower activation energy.

Enzymes

Inhibitors that bind to the active site are considered __.

competitive

The light reactions use sunlight to split water, producing __.

O₂, ATP, NADPH

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP/NADPH to fix __ into glucose.

CO₂

Glycolysis results in glucose converting to __.

pyruvate

During the ETC, __ is the final electron acceptor.

O₂

__ produces lactic acid or ethanol + 2 ATP.

Fermentation

Signal transduction involves Reception → __ → Response.

Transduction

The cell cycle includes Interphase and __.

Mitosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical __ cells.

diploid

Checkpoints in the cell cycle are regulated by __.

cyclins/CDKs

Cancer is __ cell division.

uncontrolled

Meiosis leads to 4 __ gametes.

haploid

Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization lead to __.

genetic diversity

The Law of __ states that alleles separate in gametes.

Segregation

Incomplete dominance results in a __ of traits.

blend

The central dogma is __.

DNA → RNA → Protein

Transcription is DNA → __.

mRNA

Translation is mRNA → __.

protein

__ are an example of gene regulation in prokaryotes.

Operons

Directional selection favors one __.

extreme

Sympatric speciation occurs in the __ area.

same

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is __.

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

__ factors shape ecosystems.

Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)

__ growth occurs in ideal conditions.

Exponential

__ growth occurs with carrying capacity (K).

Logistic

Insects have __ offspring, low survival (r selection).

many

Humans have __ offspring, with high parental care (K selection).

few

The trophic levels are: Producers → Consumers → __.

Decomposers

Only ~10% of energy is transferred to the next level, this is the __.

10% Rule

Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, and __ are examples of interactions.

predation