Helmiths (done)

Do worms have a full life inside humans?

No

What is it difficult for the immune system to do to worms?

Eradicate them

Where do nematodes live?

In the gut

What are the types of nematodes?

Large round worm, threadworm, hookworm and whipworm

What is threadworm symptoms?

Anal itching

What are large round worm symptoms?

Slows development, shortness of breath, coughing, malnutrition and blockage of intestines

What are hookworm symptoms?

Slows growth and development and anaemia

Whipworm symptoms

Usually asymptomatic but can have bloody diarrhoea

What is ascariasis?

When worms may escape from the anus, mouth, nose or ears

What is ascariasis most a problem in?

5-10 year olds

What causes the morbidity in ascariasis?

Migration of the larvae

What are the symptoms of a heavy infection of ascariasis?

Abdominal pain and malnutrition

What are the symptoms of a severe infection of ascariasis?

Blockage of intestines

Where do blood and tissue nematodes live?

In subcutaneous tissues and lymphatic vessels

What do adult nematodes discharge?

Larvae (microfilariae) which circulate in the blood

What are larvae ingested by?

Insects which develops into infected larvae

What are helminths?

Multicellular worms with differentiated organs with no circulatory track

What are nematodes?

Round worms, Cylindrical bodies and alimentary canal

What are cestodes?

Tape worms, Flat ribbon shaped

What don’t cestodes have?

A digestive track instead nutrients are absorbed through the cuticle

What are trematodes?

Flukes, leaf shaped, blind branched alimentary track

What is schistosomiasis?

Snail fever, caused by schistosoma and the main contamination route is through infected water

What can adult parasites of ascariasis do?

Migrate to other organs

What diseases can occur from blood and tissue nematodes?

Lymphatic filariosis, onchocerciasis and loiasis

What is lymphatic filariasis?

Causes enlargement of parts of the body

What is onchocerciasis?

Mucrofilariae enter internal tissues of the eye which causes inflammation and bleeding leading to blindness

What is loiasis?

Adult loa loa worm travels through subcutaneous tissues which causes inflammation in the skin and eye

What can tape worms be caused by?

Undercooked meat and fish

What are tape worms symptoms like?

Minor however if a secondary host this can harm the muscles and brain

How long do flukes live for?

Decades in tissue or blood vessels and can cause progressive damage to vital organs.

What do flukes use as inter host?

Snails

What can you get lung fluke from?

Eating infected crab and crayfish

What can you get liver fluke from?

Freshwater fish

What are schistosomiasis symptoms?

Rash or itchy skin, fever, chills, cough, muscle aches

What is the main damage of schistosomiasis from?

By eggs stuck in tissue and subsequent immune system response

What can organ damage by schistosomiasis be caused by?

Inflammation and scarring

What is helmet diagnosis for nematodes/cestodes?

Eggs or larvae in feral sample

What is the hemliths diagnosis for schistosomiasis?

Eggs in feral sample or urine

What is the the helmet diagnosis for tissue nematodes?

Adults in tissue