Psychological Statistics || Module 3 & 4

Raw Scores

Original, unchanged scores resulting from measurement

Z-Scores

Transformed values indicating position relative to mean

Standard Normal Distribution

A specific normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1

Z-Score Calculation

Process of standardizing data by transforming X values

Z-Score Interpretation

Understanding a data point's position relative to mean

Area Under the Curve

Percentage of data within specific ranges of Z-scores

Z-Score Formula

Equation for transforming scores into z-scores

Deviation Score

Distance between X and μ, indicating position relative to mean

Z-Score Significance

Sign (+ or -) indicating position above or below the mean

Standard Deviation Units

Measure of distance in terms of standard deviation

Standardization

Converting all scores in a distribution into z-scores

Proportion of Area Under the Curve

Percentage of data within specific Z-score ranges

Total Area Under the Curve

Always equal to 1.0 in a distribution

Tails of the Distribution

Areas outside specific Z-score ranges in a distribution

Symmetrical Distribution

Distribution where both tails have equal areas

Hypothesis Testing

Experiment to validate hypotheses using sample data

Inferential Statistics

Techniques to make statements about populations based on samples

Parameter Estimation

Determining population characteristics using sample data

Probability Definition

Concept studied for over 400 years with various definitions

A Priori Probability

Probability deduced from reason alone, without experience

Posteriori Probability

Probability based on prior knowledge or experience

Continuous Probability Distribution

Probability distribution with an infinite number of possible values

Discrete Probability Distribution

Probability distribution with a countable number of possible values

Population vs. Sample

Distinction between entire group and subset used for analysis

Sampling Techniques

Various methods to select samples for statistical analysis

Probability

Likelihood of an event occurring

p(A)

Probability of event A occurring

Event

An outcome or set of outcomes

Random Variable

Variable with numerical values from an experiment

Discrete Random Variable

Variable with countable values

Continuous Random Variable

Variable with values in an interval