Exam 3 Psych 100B WashU SP.2025

Canon Bard Theory

Stimulus triggers feelings (emotion) and physical reactions (arousal) that occur at the same time

Example)

Stimulus of a dog will trigger a emotion of fear at the same time of a physiological response of increased heart rate

James-Lange Theory

Stimulus triggers arousal (physical reaction) before emotion (feelings)

Example)

Bear Growling triggers ->running from person then -> terrified because heart is racing

Shatner-Singer Theory of Emotion

Unexplained arousal results in examining environment then deciding a emotion

Example)

Trembling or increased heart rate noticed before a exam

-Person categorizes as fear

Social Constructionist Approach

Learning and Development are derived from social interaction

Example)

-Meanings concepts, categories are not given but constructed and maintained through social processes

>Race, gender, etc.. are social constructs

Emotion Elicitation

Provoking specific emotions in a subject

Example)

Film directors will expose a crowd to sad clips to elicit sadness in a audience

"Display Rules"

Culturally learned standards that dictate how emotion should be expressed in a culture

-Expected Behavior

Example)

-Sad at a funeral

-Happy at a Wedding

"Ideal Affect"

Distinct emotion one aims to feel different from their actual emotion

Example)

Across cultures there are a general consensus for what is ideal

>Hispanic ideally would want to feel (equal preference for high or low arousal positivity)

Zajonc & Ledoux's Theory

Responses can happen instantly without conscious thought or cognitive appraisal

Example)

Anticipation of a feeling

>You have been robbed and someone is now running towards you

>Your fear response becomes triggered as a result of anticipation

Opponent- Process Theory

When we feel an emotion, eventually we will feel the opposing emotion

Example)

When we feel a positive emotion, we will often feel a negative emotion

Lazarus Cognitive Mediational Theory

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the situation

Example)

If you interact a growling dog your response will depend on

your assessment

1) Is the dog chained?

2) Is the dog friendly?

Glucose and Role in Body

Form of sugar that circulates and energy source

>Increases Appetite

Ghrelin Role in Body

Sends "I'm Hungry" signals to empty stomach

Orexin Role in Body

Regulates hunger-triggering hormones

Peptide YY (PYY) Role in Body

Sends "I'm not Hungry"

Insulin Role in Body

Produced by pancreas and controls glucose

Leptin Role in Body

Produced by fat cells and signals brain of energy storage within the body

Hypoglycemia

Too Little Glucose

Hyperglycemia

Too much glucose

Stress Cause= Big Three

Catastrophic event, Life changing events, Daily Hassles

-Process of Approaching and responding to an event

General Adaptation Syndrome

Body's way to approach and respond to stress in 3 phases

>Alarm: Your body reacts to response (epinephrine, adrenaline)

>Resistance: Adaptation of Stress (release of cortisol)

>Exhaustion: Bodies resources have been depleted

Identity Moratorium

Searching for Identity, delaying commitments

Identity Forclosure

Make commitments to an identity that shut off other possibilities

Identity Diffusion

Wander around/ exist/ search for life meaning

Identity Achievement

Coped with crisis, explored and now have a commitment to identity, values and beliefs

James Martin Identity Types

>Moratorium

>Foreclosure

>Diffusion

>Achievement

Jean Piaget Theory Cognitive Types

>Sensorimotor

>Pre-operational

>Concrete Operational

>Formal Operational

Sensorimotor Theory

Understand the world through sensations and actions

>Primarily in children

>Object Permanence

Pre-operational Theory

Learns to use language but too young to think about mental operations

>Theory of MInd and Egocentric

>Struggle with logic and multiple perspectives

Concrete Operational

Able to do mental operations of concrete events

>Conservation

Formal Operations

We can think of hypothetical situations and think of abstract concepts

Kohlberg Moral Reasoning Stages

>Pre-Conventional

>Conventional

>Post-Conventional

Pre-Conventional Moral Reasoning

Focus on the consequences of their actions

1) Do things following a right and wrong principle

-Actions focus on avoiding Self Punishment

2) Egocentrism as you focus on personal gain

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Prioritize

1) Social norms

-Harmoney maintained from seeking approval

2) Law & order

-Harmony in upkeeping law and order

Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning

Reasoning is based on

1) Social contract

-Morally and Ethically right can have different meanings

2) Ethical principles

APGAR Scoring System

Test given to babies to check if they need extra medical care

Activity (muscle/movement)

Pulse (Pulse)

Grimace (reflex and irritability)

Appearance (skin color)

Respiration (breathing)

Erikson stages of Psychosocial Development (TAIIIIGI)

1) Trust vs Mistrust

2) Autonomy vs Shame

3) Initiative vs Guilt

4) Industry vs Inferiority

5) Identity vs Role Confusion

6) Intimacy vs Isolation

7)Generative vs Stagnation

8) Integrity vs Despair

Trust vs Mistrust

Infants learns to trust caregivers

Example)

-Feeding baby

Autonomy vs Shame

Toddler learns how to be independent and make life decisions

Example)

-Toilet training

Initiative vs Guilt

Take initiative to explore their environment but if overly criticized they will display guilt

Example)

-Exploration

Industry vs Inferiority

Development of children developing a sense of competence and pride in their abilities

Example)

School

Identity vs Role Confusion

Forming a sense of self and forming a identity

Example)

Social Relationships

Intimacy vs Isolation

Ability to form close meaningful relationships

Example)

Relationships

Generativity vs Stagnation

Adults try to establish meaning for their life and legacy

Example)

World and Parenthood

"Set Point" Theory

Suggests that individuals have a baseline level for subjective well being

-Endogenic Adaptation: Following major life event a person will return to baseline

Primary Appraisal of Stress

Initial evaluation of the stressor or stressful event

Secondary Appraisal of Stress

Evaluation to what extend we can respond to a stressor

Evaluation of Stressful Event

Stressful Event

a)Threat or b) Challenge

Leads to

a)stressful or b)Activated

a) Distracted. or b)Focused

*Viewing as challenge increases likelihood of success

Stressors= Big Three

1)Catastrophes

Ex)

Large scale disasters (9/11)

2)Significant Life Changes

Ex)

Major Life Events (Marriage)

3)Daily Life Hassles

Ex)

Bad Traffic

Stressor

Challenge or Threat

Stress Relation

Physical and Emotional Reaction

Stress Appraisal

Process which one interprets threat

Appraisal affect on Stress

People experience similar events but appraisal of stress changes response

Lack of Sleep Affect on Body

(emotional and physical)

>8 to 12 yr olds can increase depression and self harm

>Lack of sleep can increase susceptibility to diseases and a decrease in immune system

Well Being (CJ Solely Sees Pink Pandas)

Perceived enjoyment and fulfillment with life as a whole

CJ Solely Sees Pink Pandas

-Calm, Peaceful

-Joyful Excited

-Socially Connected

-Satisfied

-Purposeful

-Psychologically Rich

Subjective Model of Well Being

How people experience the quality of their life

Three Parts

1)Expectation (Prospect

2)Experience (Presence)

3)Evaluation (Past)

-Satisfaction

Psychological Model of Well Being (Holistic)

Holistic Approach to Well Being based on 6 categories

SEAPPP

1)Self Acceptance

2)Environmental Mastery

3)Autonomy

4)Positive Relations with Others

5)Purpose in Life

6)Personal Growth

Autonomy in Psych Model of Well Being

Self determination and independence

Strat to Increase Well Being

-Physical Activity

-Social Relationships

-Pleasurable Activities

-meditation

Emotion Regulation

Shaping of which emotions one has

-how we express emotions

Process of Model of Emot. Reg.

1)Situation Selection

2)Situation Modification

3)Attention

4)Appraisal

5)Reponse

Situation Selection

Leaving or Entering situation to experience or avoid experiencing emotion

Ex)

Choosing to spend time with loved one instead of self isolate

Situation Modification

Modifying external aspects of a situation to alter the emotional impact

Ex)

Move seat away from sneezing kid

Attention Deployment

Directing attention to a given situation to influence emotion

Ex)

Baby will look away if over stim.

Reappraisal

Changing how one appraises situation to change emotional impact

Ex)

Low test Score->Think of how you took good notes and learned something->Improve idea of test score

Response Modulation

Mediating the emotional response after generated

Ex)

Suppressing facial expressions

Attribution Theory

Explain the causes or your own and others behaviors by attributing it to external factors

-dispositional

-situation

Example)

Attributing a coworkers lateness to their inherent unreliability instead of traffic

Dispositional Attribution

Look at the characteristics or character of a person to judge their behavior

Example)

If someone constantly helps people

-Dispositional attribution can be they are inherently kind

Situational Attribution

Make judgements about behaviors based on the occurring situation

Example)

Blame weather for being late to work

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to overemphasize traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others behaviors

Ex)

Someone cuts you in traffic you assume they are rude and don't take into account they can be rushing to the hospital

Actor-observer Bias

Actor attributes behavior to situational factors

Observer attributes behavior to the dispositional factors

Example)

Person trips and rolls might blame the slippery pavement.

-Sees someone else trip and role you attribute it to their clumsiness

Self-serving bias

Tendency to take personal credit for success but blame external causes for failure

Example)

Good grade to intelligence vs bad grade to unfair test

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent

-Beliefs, values conflict

Example)

Working for a company for there pay but believing their practices are unethical

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with group standard often a desire for acceptance

Example)

Dressing in a way that matched their peers

Conformity Causes

-Made to feel incompetent

-With three or more people

-Admire group status

-Not made prior response

Milgrim Experiment

Experiment proved that high percentage of people obey commands even to the point of causing potential harm to others

*Individuals followed orders to inflict harm by authority even when subjects displayed being harmed (pain)

Created Insight on Obedience, Authority and Social Influence

Antisocial Relations

1)Prejudice

2)Aggression

Prejudice

Unjustified and negative attitude toward a group

Sterotypes

Generalized beliefs about a group of people

Discriminate

Acting in harmful and unjustifiable ways toward members of a group

Targets of Prejudice and Discrimination

-Race/Ethnicity

-Gender

-Sexual Orientation

-Religion

-Mental Health

-Physical Ability

2 Types of Prejudice

-Explicit

-Implicit

Implicit Prejudice

Negative attitude or stereotype against a specific social group that someone is not consciously aware of

Example)

Avoiding a certain group of people because of a trait

Explicit Prejudice

Conscious and deliberate negative attitudes agaisnt a specific group

Example)

Hiring friends son over someone else

Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination

>Social Inequalities and Division

>Negative Emotions

>Cognitive Shortcuts

Social Inequalities and Division (Prejudice Cause)

Prejudice stems from socialization, economic competition, historical injustices and stereotypes

Types

Just World: Tendency to believe world is just

In Group:Tendency to favor our own group

Negative Emotions (Prejudice Cause)

Scapegoat Theory: Prejudice blaming others for problems ignoring true causes

-focusing on prejudice

Ex)

Team blaming one player for a loss despite other factors

Cognitive Shortcuts (Prejudice Cause)

Outgroup Homogeneity: Heuristics that cause us to make biased judgements and stereotypes

Reduction of Implicit Bias

1)Mindset: Take the perspective of others

2)Debiasing: Retraining though patterns and behaviors

3)Decoupling: Designing procedures and structures to minimize influence bias

Ex) Blind Auditions

Prosocial Relations

>Attraction

>Altruism

Attraction (Factors 3 Main)

The action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something

PMP

-Proximity

-Modern Matchmaking

-Physical Attractiveness

Attraction Proximity

Mere Exposure Effect: People tend to develop preference for things simply because they are familiar

-Exposure is brief or subconscious

Example)

-In being around someone often you grow more familiar with them

Attraction: Modern Matchmaking

Factors that increase Mod. Match

-Fear of rejection can elicit rejection

-More options= more superficial decisions

-Similarity in the eye of the beholder

Attraction: Physical Attraction

Factors

-Impacts impression of someone

-Predicts how people date and how popular they feel

-Unrelated to self esteem and happiness

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

-Benefit to others over oneself

Example)

-Charity work of volunteering with no compensation

Bystander Effect

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present

Example)

Bystander will watch bullying instead of stepping in

Diffusion of Responsibility

Person's take less responsibility for something or is less likely to act due to others being present

-Leading to bystander effect

Example)

-Person witnessing an accident on busy street one might assume someone else will call for help

Decision Making Process for Bystander Intervention

1)Notices Incident

-No help if no

-Yes

B) Interprets as emergency?

-No help if no

-Yes

C) Assumes responsibility

-No help if no

D) Attempts to help

Odds of Helping Factors

Factors

>Appears to deserve help

>Similar to us

>Women

>Mood

-Feel Good, Not in a Hurry

-Focused on Others

Observed someone else be helpful

>Small town

Social Norms (Two Main Types)

Reciprocity Norm

Social Responsibility Norm

Reciprocity Norm

Expectation that people will help those who have helped them

Example)

Someone opened the door for you so you open the next door for them