Final Exam Flashcard

Colonial Relationships with Native Americans

European colonists interacted with Native Americans through trade, alliances, and warfare. Over time, competition for land and the spread of disease caused Native displacement and population decline.

Spanish-Native Relations

The Spanish used force, encomienda labor, and Catholic missions to control Native Americans. This led to exploitation, resistance, and revolts such as the Pueblo Revolt.

English-Native Relations

English settlers sought land for permanent settlement and farming. This caused frequent violent conflicts with Native tribes as colonists expanded westward.

French-Native Relations

The French developed cooperative relationships with Native Americans through the fur trade. They relied on alliances rather than conquest, resulting in fewer conflicts.

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange transferred plants, animals, people, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. It increased European wealth and population while devastating Native societies through disease.

Spanish Colonization of the New World

Spanish colonization focused on extracting gold and silver and converting Natives to Christianity. Spain established a strict social hierarchy based on race and birthplace.

Pre-Columbian Native American Tribes

Native American societies were diverse and adapted to their environments in different ways. Many practiced agriculture, trade, and complex political organization.

Cultural Superiority

Europeans believed their culture and religion were superior to Native cultures. This belief justified conquest, enslavement, and forced conversion.

Encomienda System

The encomienda system granted Spanish settlers control over Native labor. In return, settlers were supposed to protect and Christianize Native peoples.

Roger Williams

Roger Williams founded Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts. He supported religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan religious authority by promoting individual interpretation of scripture. She was banished for threatening church leadership.

Jamestown

Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America. It struggled due to disease, starvation, and poor relations with Native Americans.

John Smith

John Smith helped Jamestown survive by enforcing discipline and work requirements. His leadership improved order during the colony’s early years.

John Rolfe

John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown. Tobacco became a profitable cash crop that ensured the colony’s survival.

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that emphasized emotional preaching and personal faith. It challenged traditional church authority and encouraged individualism.

Navigation Acts

The Navigation Acts were British laws regulating colonial trade for England’s benefit. They increased tensions between Britain and the colonies.

Quakers

Quakers believed in equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance. Pennsylvania became a safe haven for diverse religious groups.

New England Puritans

Puritans settled New England to create a morally pure society. They believed in strict religious discipline and community conformity.

No Taxation without Representation

Colonists believed Parliament could not tax them without colonial representation. This idea became a central grievance leading to revolution.

Beginning of Slavery

Slavery expanded in the colonies due to labor demands for plantations. African slavery gradually replaced indentured servitude.

John Peter Zenger

John Peter Zenger was tried for publishing criticism of the governor. His acquittal helped establish freedom of the press.

New England Settlement

New England settlements focused on small farms, towns, and commerce. The region emphasized education and community life.

Southern Settlement

Southern colonies relied on plantations and cash crops like tobacco and rice. Slavery became central to the southern economy.

Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo Revolt was a Native uprising against Spanish rule in 1680. It temporarily drove the Spanish out of New Mexico.

Founding of Colonies

Colonies were founded for economic opportunity, religious freedom, or political power. Each colony developed distinct characteristics.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic Slave Trade forcibly transported Africans to the Americas. It supplied labor for plantations and fueled economic growth.

Three Colonial Regions

The New England, Middle, and Southern colonies developed different economies and societies. Geography and labor systems shaped regional differences.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion was an uprising of frontier farmers against colonial elites. It revealed tensions between wealthy planters and poor settlers.

Proclamation of 1763

The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachians. Colonists viewed it as British interference.

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was fought between Britain and France over North American territory. Native tribes supported both sides.

Causes of French and Indian War

The war was caused by competition for land and influence in the Ohio River Valley. Both Britain and France sought control.

Effects of French and Indian War

Britain gained territory but also massive debt. This led to increased taxation of the colonies.

Treaty of Paris 1763

The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. France gave most of its North American land to Britain.

Great Compromise

The Great Compromise created a two-house Congress. It balanced representation between large and small states.

Shays’ Rebellion

Shays’ Rebellion was a farmer uprising over debt and taxes. It exposed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

Whiskey Rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion protested a federal tax on whiskey. Washington’s response showed the strength of the new government.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These laws limited immigrant rights and restricted criticism of the government. They sparked debate over civil liberties.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles created a weak national government. The lack of power led to economic and political problems.

Checks and Balances

This system prevents any branch of government from gaining too much power. Each branch can limit the others.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women should raise virtuous citizens. It expanded women’s role in shaping the republic.

U.S. Constitution

The Constitution created a stronger federal government. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Washington’s Farewell Address

Washington warned against political parties and foreign alliances. He believed they threatened national unity.

Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers argued for ratification of the Constitution. They explained the structure and benefits of the new government.

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton supported a strong federal government and industrial economy. He favored close ties with Britain.

Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson supported states’ rights and an agrarian economy. He feared centralized power.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Hamilton proposed federal debt assumption and a national bank. His plan strengthened the national economy.

Battle of Saratoga

The Battle of Saratoga was a major American victory. It convinced France to support the colonies.

American Revolution

The American Revolution was the colonial struggle for independence. It resulted in the creation of the United States.

Causes of American Revolution

Causes included taxation, lack of representation, and British control. Colonial resistance increased after 1763.

Effects of American Revolution

The revolution created an independent nation. It spread republican ideals.

Join or Die Cartoon

This cartoon encouraged colonial unity. It became a symbol of resistance.

Common Sense

Common Sense argued that independence was necessary. It persuaded many colonists to support separation.

Federalists

Federalists supported the Constitution. They wanted a strong central government.

Antifederalists

Antifederalists opposed the Constitution. They feared loss of individual and state rights.

Strict Constructionism

This interpretation limits federal power to what is written in the Constitution. It was supported by Jefferson.

Loose Constructionism

This interpretation allows implied powers. It was supported by Hamilton.

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was fought over trade restrictions and impressment. It strengthened American nationalism.

Second Bank of the United States

The bank stabilized the economy and currency. It became controversial under Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson

Jackson was a war hero and popular president. He represented the common man.

Jackson Financial Policy

Jackson opposed the national bank. He believed it favored elites.

Jackson Indian Policy

Jackson supported Native removal. This led to the Trail of Tears.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women’s rights convention was held in 1848. It demanded equality and suffrage.

Market Revolution

The Market Revolution transformed the economy through industry and transportation. It increased regional specialization.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina claimed it could nullify federal law. Jackson defended federal authority.

Second Great Awakening

This religious revival promoted moral reform. It inspired abolition and women’s rights movements.

American Colonization Society

The society promoted sending freed slaves to Africa. It revealed divided views on race.

William Lloyd Garrison

Garrison demanded immediate abolition of slavery. He published The Liberator.

Lowell Mill System

The system employed young women in factories. It showed early industrial labor practices.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Supreme Court upheld federal authority. It reinforced implied powers.

Reform Movements

Reform movements sought social improvement. They included abolition and temperance.

Universal Suffrage

Voting rights expanded to all white men. This increased democratic participation.

Debate over Slavery

The nation argued over slavery’s expansion. Sectional tensions increased.

Election of 1800

The election transferred power peacefully. It strengthened democracy.

Frederick Douglass

Douglass was a former slave turned abolitionist leader. He spoke powerfully against slavery.

Whig Party

The Whigs opposed Jackson. They supported Congress and economic development.

William Henry Harrison

Harrison was elected president in 1840. He died shortly after taking office.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The act allowed popular sovereignty on slavery. It led to violence in Kansas.

Election of 1860

Lincoln’s election triggered Southern secession. Southern states feared abolition.

13th Amendment

The amendment abolished slavery. It was passed after the Civil War.

14th Amendment

It granted citizenship and equal protection. It overturned Dred Scott.

15th Amendment

It protected voting rights regardless of race. It expanded democracy.

Rich Man’s War Poor Man’s Fight

This phrase criticized inequality in the Civil War. Poor soldiers bore the burden.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand west. It justified territorial growth.

North Civil War Advantages

The North had industry and population. It also had railroads.

South Civil War Advantages

The South had strong military leadership. They fought defensively.

Mexican-American War

The war expanded U.S. territory. It increased slavery tensions.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

The Court ruled slaves were not citizens. It intensified sectional conflict.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln freed slaves in Confederate states. It redefined the war.

Popular Sovereignty

This allowed settlers to vote on slavery. It increased conflict.

Secession

Southern states left the Union. They formed the Confederacy.

Civil War

The Civil War fought over union and slavery. It lasted from 1861 to 1865.

Fort Sumter

The first battle of the Civil War. It followed secession.

Bull Run

This early Confederate victory shocked the North. It showed the war would be long.

Gettysburg

A major Union victory. It marked a turning point.

Abolition

The movement sought to end slavery. It gained strength in the 1800s.

Causes for North Civil War

The North fought to preserve the Union. Ending slavery became a goal.

Causes for South Civil War

The South fought to protect slavery. States’ rights were emphasized.

Effects for North Civil War

The North experienced economic growth. Federal power increased.

Effects for South Civil War

The South suffered destruction and loss. Reconstruction followed.