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What is a Physiographic Province?
A region that has a particular geomorphology that is significantly different from that of adjacent regions.
Geomorphology
refers to the physical features and processes of landforms, and their relation to geological structures
what are the 5 geographic regions of georgia
Coastal Plain
Piedmont
Blue Ridge
Valley and Ridge
Appalachian Plateau
What is the fall line in georgia?
A geological boundary that separates the Piedmont region from the Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Characterized by series of waterfalls, the start of major river systems (Oconee, Flint, Chattahoochee, Ocmulgee, Savannah). MILLY IS LOCATED ON THE FALL LINE
what is the Coastal Plain
Flattest province, Slopes gently seaward from inward highlands in a series of terraces youngest georgia province, begins at fall line, Characterized by softer sediment and deep navigable rivers (sedimentary rock)
what is the Piedmont
Located above the fall line, more streams rather than rivers, Highly complex metamorphic and igneous rocks thoroughly weathered to produce an area of minimum relief (schist, gneiss, granite), Elevation increases slightly in this area as you go up towards the north of ga
Blue ridge
Top right corner of ga, mountainous area, Made of highly deformed metamorphic rock (schists, gneisses, slates, quartzites)
Valley and Ridge (or Ridge and Valley)
Series of anticlines and synclines (older strata->younger strata->older strata) due to folding and erosion, Limestones, shales, conglomerates, sandstone
what is a mineral? (what are the 5 qualifying characteristics)
inorganic
naturally occurring
solid
crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
what are the ways you can determine different types of minerals?
Color
Streak
Luster
Diaphaneity
Cleavage
Fracture
Hardness
Odor
Taste
Feel
Chemical Reaction
Specific Gravity
Magnetic
Streaks in determining different types of minerals…
color of a mineral when powdered
Color in minerals…
can determine what kind of crystal it is
what is luster…
appearance of a mineral in reflected light (metallic or non-metallic)
what is Diaphaneity
the ability to transmit light
what is Cleavage
the mineral will break along a plane of weakness (smooth flat surface); For 1 plane, look for sheets like a paper stack,For more than 1 plane, look for staircases, Some minerals can have same # of planes, When this occurs we look at the orientation, Orientation is either “90°” or “not 90°”
what is Fracture
when minerals do not have a plane of weakness and do not break along a flat surface (ex. hackle, conchoidal, irregular)
what is Hardness…
relative resistance to scratching…
what is oder…
the distinct smell of a rock
what is taste…
the distinct flavor of a rock
what is feel…
the distinct feel of a rock such as, grainy, greasy, soft
what is Chemical Reaction in rocks…
it bubbles when an acid is added
what is Specific Gravity…
ratio of minerals weight to that of water
Magnetic in rocks…
presence of iron in a mineral
what are the mineral groups…
Silicates \n Carbonates \n Oxides \n Sulfides \n Halides \n Native Elements
what is a native element group?
Mineral composed of a single element
what are the Native Elements Groups?
Cu - copper, S - sulfer, C - graphite, C - diamond
what is the silicate group?
silicon (Si) + oxygen (O2), most abundent element in earth’s crust, comprises 90% of common rock forming minerals
What is the oxide group?
Oxygen (O2) + one or more metals
what is the hydroxide group?
Subgroup of Oxide group, Hydrogen bonded to Oxygen, (OH-) + Metal, Contains hydroxyl anion (OH-)
What is an ore?
deposit in Earth’s crust that contains \n one or more minerals with value
what is the Sulfides Group?
Sulfur (S) + Metal, for example, galena and pyrite
what is the carbonate group?
Carbonate (CO3) + other elements
what is the Halide Group?
includes elements of Chlorine and Fluorine
what is an igneous rock?
When molten rock crystallizes, “Ignis” is latin for “fire”, Plutonic (Magma) vs Volcanic (Lava)
what are some characteristics of Igneous rocks?
Cooling period – Fast or slow?
Texture – Big crystals, Little Crystal, no crystals? \n Composition – Mafic, felsic, intermediate?
Cooling Period/Where it Formed characteristics…
Intrusive - cooled slowly, under earth’s surface, large crystals
extrusive - cooled quickly, on the Earth’s surface, very small crystals
how is texture in igneous rocks determine…
cooling period determines textures
what are the 7 textures for igneous rocks…
phaneretic, aphentic, porphyritic, vesicular, pegmatite, pyroclastic, glassy
what is a phaneretic texture?
Large crystals
what is a Aphanitic texture?
Very small crystals
what is a Porphyritic texture?
Both Large and small Crystals ( cools intrusive then extrusive )
what is a Vesicular texture?
Gas rich rock that forms air pockets during cooling \n process
what is a Pegmatitic texture?
Only Pegmatite – Very Large crystals
what is a Pyroclastic texture?
from ash and Volcanic material, (Fire + Broken)
what is a Glassy texture?
When Lava flows into water - Cools super \n quickly
what are the 4 different types of igneous composition?
mafic, felsic, intermediate, and ultramafic
what are the characteristics of the mafic composition?
Dark colors \n Rich in Iron and Magnesium \n Denser material like mantle \n Mainly within Oceanic Crust
what are the characteristics of the felsic composition?
light in color \n Rich in Silica, Potassium, and Sodium \n continental crust
what are the characteristics of the intermediate composition?
Mixture of both light and dark minerals
what are the characteristics of the ultramafic composition?
Has the lowest amount of silica
what is the characteristics sedimentary rocks?
the lithification of accumulated sediments, “Lithos” is Greek for rock, which occurs through compaction and cementation
the crystallization of precipitation materials
erosion and weathering
what are the 4 different types of sedimentary rocks?
clastic
evaporates
organic
carbonate
What are the 4 textures of sedimentary rocks?
clastic type - clastic texture
evaporate - crystalline texture
organic - bioclastic texture
carbonate - oolitic limestone, intraclass limestone, fossiliferous limestone
what are the different kinds of clastic textures?
Conglomerates: Rounded bits of rocks
Mudstone: Made of mud sediment
Breccia: Angular bits of rock
Sandstone: Made of bits of sand
Shale: Made of mud and clay sediment and Have layers
what are the characteristics of the crystalline texture?
Form as water evaporates \n Gypsum and Halite precipitate out and “grow” in their depositional \n Env and exhibit crystalline structure
what are the characteristics of the bioclastic texture?
Plant debris compacted into sedimentary layers \n Composes of pre-existing plant materials (Bioclastic texture
what are some characteristic of carbonate rocks?
Calcite is the major component – it fizzes with HCL \n Limestone – primary rock on “Carbonate Platforms” \n Indicate Marine environments \n Shallow, warm, tropical regions that lack silicate minerals
what are the textures of carbonate rocks?
Micrite – Fine grained carbonate mud (crystalline Texture) \n Coquina – Composed of broken shells (Bioclastic Texture) \n Chalk – come from plankton shells in deep water (Bioclastic Texture
what does metamorphosis mean?
when a rocks internal structure and texture changed to anothe
what are metamorphic rocks?
Rocks that have gone under physical or chemical changes due to exposure to heat and pressure
what is metamorphic heat?
Comes from geothermal gradient and magmatic intrusions
what are the 2 types of metamorphic heat?
magnetic intrusions and Geothermal Gradients
what is a magmetic intrusion?
(nearby magma can increase the temperature
what is a geothermal gradient?
Beneath the Earths surface, as the depth increases, temperature increases
what are the 2 types of metamorphic pressures?
direct and lithostatic
what does protolith mean?
the parent rock, a rock that will become a new rock, often sedimentary rocks.
what are the 2 textures of sedimentary rocks?
foliated and non foliated
what does foliated mean?
Exhibit Parallel arrangement of platy materials, Minerals aligned \n perpendicular to major axis of stress, lithostatic pressure,
what does non-foliated mean?
lack parallel arrangement, some minerals will not align such as \n calcite and quartz, some will change with lots of heat and minimal pressure
what do 2 dimensional maps display?
Campus, county, highway
what do 3-dimensional maps
how are maps created?
Remote sensing and compute processing, Photographs, radar images, false color images, GIS, ect.
what is latitude (parallels)?
North and South of Equator
what is Longitude (Meridians)?
East and West of Prime Meridian
expression in degrees…
Each degree is divided by 60 minute, Each minute is divided by 60 second, Each degree is equal to approximately = 69 mile
where is Milledgeville?
3305’00’’ North of the equator
Large scale maps have what…
map has “large” detail on smaller area; smaRatio is smaller
small scale maps have what?
map has “small” detail over larger area; ratio is larger
what does half life mean?
How long it takes something to decrease by half of its original amount.
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Flashcard (53)