GEOLOGY LAB FINAL WOOOOOO

lets get dis shi woo top of the morning op of the morning op of the morning

What is a Physiographic Province?

A region that has a particular geomorphology that is significantly different from that of adjacent regions.

Geomorphology

refers to the physical features and processes of landforms, and their relation to geological structures

what are the 5 geographic regions of georgia

Coastal Plain

Piedmont

Blue Ridge 

Valley and Ridge

Appalachian Plateau

What is the fall line in georgia?

A geological boundary that separates the Piedmont region from the Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Characterized by series of waterfalls, the start of major river systems (Oconee, Flint, Chattahoochee, Ocmulgee, Savannah). MILLY IS LOCATED ON THE FALL LINE

**what is the Coastal Plain**

Flattest province, Slopes gently seaward from inward highlands in a series of terraces youngest georgia province, begins at fall line, Characterized by softer sediment and deep navigable rivers (sedimentary rock)

what is the **Piedmont**

Located above the fall line, more streams rather than rivers, Highly complex metamorphic and igneous rocks thoroughly weathered to produce an area of minimum relief (schist, gneiss, granite), Elevation increases slightly in this area as you go up towards the north of ga

Blue ridge

Top right corner of ga, mountainous area, Made of highly deformed metamorphic rock (schists, gneisses, slates, quartzites)

Valley and Ridge (or Ridge and Valley)

Series of anticlines and synclines (older strata->younger strata->older strata) due to folding and erosion, Limestones, shales, conglomerates, sandstone

what is a mineral? (what are the 5 qualifying characteristics)

1. inorganic
2. naturally occurring
3. solid
4. crystalline structure
5. definite chemical composition

what are the ways you can determine different types of minerals?

\

1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Diaphaneity 
5. Cleavage
6. Fracture
7. Hardness 
8. Odor
9. Taste
10. Feel
11. Chemical Reaction 
12. Specific Gravity
13. Magnetic 

Streaks in determining different types of minerals…

color of a mineral when powdered

Color in minerals…

can determine what kind of crystal it is

what is luster…

appearance of a mineral in reflected light (metallic or non-metallic)

what is Diaphaneity

the ability to transmit light

what is Cleavage

the mineral will break along a plane of weakness (smooth flat surface); For 1 plane, look for sheets like a paper stack,For more than 1 plane, look for staircases, Some minerals can have same # of planes, When this occurs we look at the orientation, Orientation is either “90°” or “not 90°”

what is Fracture

**when minerals do not have a plane of weakness and do not break along a flat surface (ex. hackle, conchoidal, irregular)**

what is Hardness…

**relative resistance to scratching…**

what is oder…

the distinct smell of a rock

what is taste…

the distinct flavor of a rock

what is feel…

the distinct feel of a rock such as, grainy, greasy, soft

what is Chemical Reaction in rocks…

it bubbles when an acid is added

what is Specific Gravity…

**ratio of minerals weight to that of water**

Magnetic in rocks…

presence of iron in a mineral

what are the mineral groups…

Silicates \n Carbonates \n Oxides \n Sulfides \n Halides \n Native Elements

what is a native element group?

Mineral composed of a single element

what are the Native Elements Groups?

Cu - copper, S - sulfer, C - graphite, C - diamond

what is the silicate group?

silicon (Si) + oxygen (O2), most abundent element in earth’s crust, comprises 90% of common rock forming minerals

What is the oxide group?

Oxygen (O2) + one or more metals

what is the hydroxide group?

Subgroup of Oxide group, Hydrogen bonded to Oxygen, (OH-) + Metal, Contains hydroxyl anion (OH-)

What is an ore?

deposit in Earth’s crust that contains \n one or more minerals with value

what is the Sulfides Group?

Sulfur (S) + Metal, for example, galena and pyrite

what is the carbonate group?

Carbonate (CO3) + other elements

what is the Halide Group?

includes elements of Chlorine and Fluorine

what is an igneous rock?

When molten rock crystallizes, “Ignis” is latin for “fire”, Plutonic (Magma) vs Volcanic (Lava)

what are some characteristics of Igneous rocks?

Cooling period – Fast or slow?

Texture – Big crystals, Little Crystal, no crystals? \n Composition – Mafic, felsic, intermediate?

Cooling Period/Where it Formed characteristics…

Intrusive - cooled slowly, under earth’s surface, large crystals

extrusive - cooled quickly, on the Earth’s surface, very small crystals

how is texture in igneous rocks determine…

cooling period determines textures

what are the 7 textures for igneous rocks…

phaneretic, aphentic, porphyritic, vesicular, pegmatite, pyroclastic, glassy

what is a phaneretic texture?

Large crystals

what is a Aphanitic texture?

Very small crystals

what is a Porphyritic texture?

Both Large and small Crystals ( cools intrusive then extrusive )

what is a Vesicular texture?

Gas rich rock that forms air pockets during cooling \n process

what is a Pegmatitic texture?

Only Pegmatite – Very Large crystals

what is a Pyroclastic texture?

from ash and Volcanic material, (Fire + Broken)

what is a Glassy texture?

When Lava flows into water - Cools super \n quickly

what are the 4 different types of igneous composition?

mafic, felsic, intermediate, and ultramafic

what are the characteristics of the mafic composition?

Dark colors \n Rich in Iron and Magnesium \n Denser material like mantle \n Mainly within Oceanic Crust

what are the characteristics of the felsic composition?

light in color \n Rich in Silica, Potassium, and Sodium \n continental crust

what are the characteristics of the intermediate composition?

Mixture of both light and dark minerals

what are the characteristics of the ultramafic composition?

Has the lowest amount of silica

what is the characteristics sedimentary rocks?

the lithification of accumulated sediments, “Lithos” is Greek for rock, which occurs through compaction and cementation

the crystallization of precipitation materials

erosion and weathering

what are the 4 different types of sedimentary rocks?

1. clastic
2. evaporates
3. organic
4. carbonate

What are the 4 textures of sedimentary rocks?

clastic type - clastic texture

evaporate - crystalline texture

organic - bioclastic texture

carbonate - oolitic limestone, intraclass limestone, fossiliferous limestone

what are the different kinds of clastic textures?

Conglomerates: Rounded bits of rocks

Mudstone: Made of mud sediment

Breccia: Angular bits of rock

Sandstone: Made of bits of sand

Shale: Made of mud and clay sediment and Have layers

what are the characteristics of the crystalline texture?

Form as water evaporates \n Gypsum and Halite precipitate out and “grow” in their depositional \n Env and exhibit crystalline structure

what are the characteristics of the bioclastic texture?

Plant debris compacted into sedimentary layers \n Composes of pre-existing plant materials (Bioclastic texture

what are some characteristic of carbonate rocks?

Calcite is the major component – it fizzes with HCL \n Limestone – primary rock on “Carbonate Platforms” \n Indicate Marine environments \n Shallow, warm, tropical regions that lack silicate minerals

what are the textures of carbonate rocks?

Micrite – Fine grained carbonate mud (crystalline Texture) \n Coquina – Composed of broken shells (Bioclastic Texture) \n Chalk – come from plankton shells in deep water (Bioclastic Texture

what does metamorphosis mean?

when a rocks internal structure and texture changed to anothe

what are metamorphic rocks?

Rocks that have gone under physical or chemical changes due to exposure to heat and pressure

what is metamorphic heat?

Comes from geothermal gradient and magmatic intrusions

what are the 2 types of metamorphic heat?

magnetic intrusions and Geothermal Gradients

what is a magmetic intrusion?

(nearby magma can increase the temperature

what is a geothermal gradient?

Beneath the Earths surface, as the depth increases, temperature increases

what are the 2 types of metamorphic pressures?

direct and lithostatic

what does protolith mean?

the parent rock, a rock that will become a new rock, often sedimentary rocks.

what are the 2 textures of sedimentary rocks?

foliated and non foliated

what does foliated mean?

Exhibit Parallel arrangement of platy materials, Minerals aligned \n perpendicular to major axis of stress, lithostatic pressure,

what does non-foliated mean?

lack parallel arrangement, some minerals will not align such as \n calcite and quartz, some will change with lots of heat and minimal pressure

what do 2 dimensional maps display?

Campus, county, highway

what do 3-dimensional maps

how are maps created?

Remote sensing and compute processing, Photographs, radar images, false color images, GIS, ect.

what is latitude (parallels)?

North and South of Equator

what is Longitude (Meridians)?

East and West of Prime Meridian

expression in degrees…

Each degree is divided by 60 minute, Each minute is divided by 60 second, Each degree is equal to approximately = 69 mile

where is Milledgeville?

3305’00’’ North of the equator

Large scale maps have what…

map has “large” detail on smaller area; smaRatio is smaller

small scale maps have what?

map has “small” detail over larger area; ratio is larger

what does half life mean?

How long it takes something to decrease by half of its original amount.