POS 160 Quiz 3

Coglianese asserts that international organizations and international law respond to three types
of problems. These are
a. premodern development, economic transfers, and post-war exchanges.
b. coordinating global linkages, responding to common problems, and protecting core values.
c. Weberian tendencies, responding to common problems, and transnational/multinational
corporations transfers.
d. interstate conflict, multilateral cooperation, and protecting core values.

a. premodern development, economic transfers, and post-war exchanges

International law is an example of a(n) _______ institution.
a. international
b. intergovernmental
c. nongovernmental
d. pre-governmental

a. international

The concept of “sovereignty” is an example of a(n) _______ institution.
a. constitutional
b. fundamental
c. issue-specific
d. generic

a. constitutional

_______ are a type of participant in global politics that is neither acting in the name of
government nor created and served by government.
a. Presidents
b. Militaries
c. Nongovernmental actors
d. Nonstate entities

d. Nonstate entities

A(n) _______ institution represents the basic norms and practices that sovereign states employ
to facilitate coexistence and cooperation under conditions of international anarchy.
a. constitutional
b. fundamental
c. issue-specific
d. generic

b. fundamental

The European colonial powers divided the world’s peoples into _______ societies.
a. occupied and unoccupied
b. trainable or undisciplined
c. civilized, barbarian, and savage
d. constitution and revised

c. civilized, barbarian, and savage

A(n) _______ is an authoritative international organization that operates above the nation-
state.
a. BRICs
b. TRIPP
c. supranational global organization
d. Kantian organization

c. supranational global organization

The Ottawa Convention on Landmines (1997) is a good example of a(n) _______ institution.
a. constitutional
b. organizational
c. fundamental
d. international

d. international

A(n) _______ is a governing arrangement that guides states and transnational actors and
institutions.
a. regime
b. supernational government
c. NGO
d. regimen

a. regime

A core function of global governance is to
a. control the workings of INGOs.
b. regulate and coordinate action with regards to transnational issue areas.
c. establish a singular world government.
d. scale back or abolish enforcement of regulations.

b. regulate and coordinate action with regards to transnational issue areas

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the product of a deliberate and systematic
process of _______ dialogue.
a. imperialist
b. intercultural
c. exclusion
d. modernist

b. intercultural

The use of force to enforce humanitarian concerns in the face of state collapse is called
a. peace enforcement.
b. humanitarian violence.
c. state-saving intervention.
d. humanity enforcement

a. peace enforcement

The principal mechanism modern states employ to “legislate” international law is
a. the International Criminal Court.
b. the International Court of Justice.
c. international institutions.
d. multilateral diplomacy.

b. the International Court of Justice

More actors become subjects and agents of international law, which means a development of
_______ is eventually possible.
a. supernational law
b. suprastate law
c. subnational law
d. supranational law

d. supranational law

Developing countries criticize international law as
a. based on the realist perspective of international relations.
b. based on Western European historical experience.
c. ignoring the needs of women and children in developing countries.
d. failing to provide access to cases involving the division of the electromagnetic spectrum and
other “new” resources.

b. based on Western European historical experience

According to the UN Charter, in the General Assembly voting requires a(n)
a. simple majority.
b. two-thirds majority.
c. agreement by the P5.
d. unanimous decree.

a. simple majority

According to the textbook, the UN Secretary-General
a. serves as the commander-in-chief of the UN.
b. provides administrative guidance.
c. has no authority and is simply a figurehead.
d. cannot be from the United States or Russia.

b. provides administrative guidance

The conditionality of statehood was considered for which Cold War era phenomenon?
a. Decolonization
b. Proxy wars
c. Civil war
d. UN membership

a. Decolonization

Which organ of the UN is charged with maintaining international security and order?
a. ECOSOC
b. Trusteeship Council
c. Security Council
d. Human Rights Commission

c. Security Council

A potential problem associated with the use of UN peacekeepers to quell disturbances within
fragile or failed states is
a. various forms of abuse of non-combatants committed by the peacekeepers.
b. guaranteed professionalism on the part of the peacekeepers.
c. the ability to ensure the peacekeepers will come from states or groups that do not have
historical grudges against the host state.
d. that the UN must hire peacekeepers only from states with low levels of military
professionalism

a. various forms of abuse of non-combatants committed by peacekeepers

How might a realist concerned with state sovereignty interpret Article 2(7) of the UN
Charter?
a. The UN should be empowered to intervene in a state for any reason
b. The UN may only intervene in a state if that state consents
c. The UN may make statehood conditional
d. The UN is obligated to create a sovereign form of global government

b. The UN may only intervene in a state if that state consents

According to the UN Charter, in the Security Council voting is on the basis of
a. one vote for each permanent member, three-fourths vote for the other members.
b. one vote for each member-state on the Security Council.
c. geographic regional bloc.
d. percentage of the UN budget that the member-state provides.

b. one vote for each member-state on the Security Council

Which key section of the UN Charter deals with “Action with Respect to Threats to the
Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression”?
a. Preamble
b. Article 99
c. Chapter VI
d. Chapter VII

d. Chapter VII

When international law promotes the freedom from outside interference for sovereign states
this is called a(n)
a. anarchic liberty.
b. negative liberty.
c. essential liberty.
d. Article VII liberty.

b. negative liberty

Which nation is not a member of the permanent five who hold a veto on the Security
Council?
a. United States
b. China
c. Germany
d. France

c. Germany

The New Development Bank and World Bank are competing types of
a. intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).
b. nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
c. supergovernmental organizations (SGOs).
d. bilateral governance organizations (BGOs).

a. intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

The _______ serves as the main UN judicial organ to settle disputes between states.
a. International Criminal Court (ICC)
b. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
c. Security Council
d. Peacekeeping Operations and Missions

b. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Who was the Secretary-General of the UN who outlined a more ambitious agenda for the UN
in his An Agenda for Peace (1992)?
a. Dag Hammarskjöld
b. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
c. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
d. Kofi Annan

c. Boutros Boutros-Ghali

Which concept involves UN confidence-building measures and fact-finding?
a. Peacemaking
b. Peacekeeping
c. Postconflict peacebuilding
d. Preventive diplomacy

d. Preventative diplomacy

Which UN body was tasked with overseeing the transition of territories from colonial status
to self-government or independence?
a. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
b. Security Council
c. Trusteeship Council
d. World Bank Group

c. Trusteeship Council

Which of the following was the last Trust Territory to gain independence in 1994?
a. Tahiti
b. Bosnia and Herzegovina
c. South Sudan
d. Palau

d. Palau

The International Committee of the Red Cross directed the implementation of which of the
following documents?
a. 1864 Geneva Convention
b. Convention to Ban Landmines
c. UNFCCC
d. Bamako Convention

c. UNFCCC

Recent decisions by the UN Security Council have treated gross violations of human rights
by sovereign states as threats to international peace and security. In 2011 this was the basis for
foreign military intervention in which African country?
a. Bahrain
b. Libya
c. East Timor
d. Haiti

b. Libya

Amnesty International is an example of what type of organization?
a. Intergovernmental organization (INGO)
b. International regime (IR)
c. Nongovernmental organization (NGO)
d. Bilateral agreement (BA)

c. Nongovernmental organization (NGO)

_______ is the process by which states act together to solve common problems.
a. Unilateralism
b. Bilateralism
c. Multilateralism
d. Polycentrism

c. Multilateralism

Human security refers to
a. safeguarding the human race from the encroachment of tyranny.
b. physical security from war and violence only.
c. protection for all humans against state-based violence.
d. physical security from war and violence, economic security from extreme poverty, and a right
to human dignity.

d. physical security from war and violence, economic security from extreme poverty, and a right to human dignity

Classical peacekeeping
a. may be conducted without the consent of the state being interfered with.
b. uses only peacekeepers from the great powers.
c. permits peacekeepers to fire at will in any circumstance.
d. is not effective if the warring parties do not want peace.

d. is not effective if the warring parties do not want peace

Collective security is an arrangement in which each state agrees
a. to a joint response to aggression.
b. to share crucial intelligence in the face of threats.
c. not to attack another member of the alliance.
d. to provide resources to a third-party group that promises to give protection.

a. to a joint response to aggression

The competence, or jurisdiction, of the _______ is limited, which hinders the effectiveness of
that organization.
a. ICC
b. UN Judicial League
c. ICM
d. ICJ

d. ICJ

The addition of INGOs, epistemic communities, and other global civil society actors is most
closely associated with which author or authors?
a. Robert Keohane
b. Kenneth Galbraith
c. Keck and Sikkink
d. Waltz and Mearsheimer

c. Keck and Sikkink

The African Union (AU) and the Organization of American States (OAS) are examples of
a. collective security organizations.
b. regional organizations.
c. nongovernmental organizations.
d. primary UN organs.

b. regional organizations

The European Union grew out of

a. a regional economic organization.
b. a regional human rights organization.
c. the SEATO Pact.
d. the Montevideo Convention

a. a regional economic organization

Historically, the European Union was born out of a desire for
a. control over the continent.
b. an alternative to Soviet communism.
c. reconciliation between France and Germany.
d. a single currency to avoid confusion across borders.

c. reconciliation between France and Germany

By what year were/are the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals to be achieved?
a. 2000
b. 2001
c. 2015
d. 2025

c. 2015

The first step in post–World War II European integration was the
a. European Union.
b. Committee of Europe.
c. European Coal and Steel Community.
d. Committee for European Integration.

c. European Coal and Steel Community

For many realists, international law
a. is replete with contextual meaning.
b. should serve the interests of powerful states.
c. is best enforced with moral suasion.
d. explains the growth of the European Union.

b. should serve the interests of powerful states

Oxfam, Save the Children, and Amnesty International are examples of
a. nonstate actors.
b. intergovernmental organizations.
c. quasigovernmental organizations.
d. supranational government organizations.

a. nonstate actors

Which of the following was the immediate predecessor organization to the UN?
a. European Coal and Steel Community
b. European Free Trade Association
c. League of Nations
d. Concert of Europe

c. League of Nations

The P5 includes
a. the US, the UK, France, Russia, and China.
b. the US, the UK, Germany, France, and Russia
c. the US, the UK, India, Russia, and China.
d. the US, China, Japan, Germany, and the UK.

a. the US, the UK, France, Russia, and China

According to the textbook, with its work largely _______ the _______ meets only when
necessary.
a. successful; UN General Assembly
b. procedural; ECOSOC
c. completed; UN Trusteeship Council
d. made moot by the end of the Cold War; UN Security Council

c. completed; UN Trusteeship Council

What is a criticism of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?
a. It is overtly pro-warlord
b. It has too many powers of extradition
c. It restricts the actions of the great powers
d. It holds a strongly anti-African bias

d. It holds a strongly anti-African bias

At the United Nations, the relationship between state sovereignty and the limits of UN action
a. is never a problem.
b. was resolved in the Preamble to the UN Charter.
c. remain key issues.
d. is being resolved by the newest round of UN reforms.

b. was resolved in the Preamble of the UN charter

The Security Council members that hold the veto power are often referred to as
a. impartial third parties to a disagreement.
b. the MC-5.
c. the P5.
d. the P3.

c. the P5

The Maastricht Treaty created the
a. European Coal and Steel Community.
b. International Criminal Court.
c. European Union.
d. International Civil Court.

c. European Union

Which person started a philanthropic foundation with a focus on education, curing diseases,
and building strong communities?
a. Mark Zuckerberg
b. Ted Nugent
c. Bill Gates
d. Bill Clinton

a. Mark Zuckerberg

Many analysts believe that a key difference between the League of Nations and the UN is
a. the complete absence of disagreement between major powers in the period 1945–1953.
b. the harmony of interest among the permanent members of the Security Council.
c. the participation of the United States in the UN.
d. the non-participation of the communist powers from the UN.

c. the participation of the United States in the UN

_______ are often seen as guilty of exploiting labor and crowding out local businesses.
a. Grotian states

b. Global civil society organizations
c. Multinational corporations
d. International non-governmental organizations

a. Grotian states

A(n) _______ is a charitable trust or a nonprofit INGO with the purpose of making grants to
other institutions or to individuals.
a. celebrity trust fund
b. foundation
c. state charity
d. NGO fund

b. foundation

A network of activists that promote normative positions internationally are known as
a. international advocate groups.
b. global advocate organizations.
c. transnational advocacy networks.
d. human rights advocates.

c. transnational advocacy networks

Global networks composed of many different groups that might or might not share an
ideological position but are united in their wish to overthrow a system of governance are
a. international revolutionary organizations.
b. sub-national extremist groups.
c. global terrorist networks.
d. neocolonial expansionists.

c. global terrorist networks

What percentage of twenty-first century conflicts have taken place in Asia?
a. 14%
b. 23%
c. 39%
d. 78%

c. 39%

What relationship does ungoverned territory have with terrorism?
a. There is no relationship
b. Terrorism always precedes ungoverned territory
c. Ungoverned territory can facilitate the development of terrorist groups
d. Terrorism only exists in ungoverned spaces

c. Ungoverned territory can facilitate the development of terrorist groups

The idea that war should be a means to an end is commonly associated with which writer?
a. Ernst Van der Graaf
b. Carl von Clausewitz
c. Curtis LeMay
d. Antonio Gramsci

b. Carl von Clausewitz

Kaldor's "new wars" concept seems to be supported by evidence that shows _______ of
conflicts have occurred within states during the last decade.
a. almost none
b. 34%
c. 95%
d. all

c. 95%

The “Widening school”, or Copenhagen school, of international relations advocates for
a. increasing the scope of what should fall under global security studies.
b. studying the effects of Stockholm Syndrome in people kidnapped by terrorists.
c. increasing the number of states that should be allowed to possess nuclear weapons.
d. restricting the study of security studies to certain topics.

a. increasing the scope of what should fall under global security studies

Critical theorists, such as Marxists and feminists, seek to _______ the role of the state.
a. de-emphasize
b. enhance
c. rethink in more positive terms
d. remove

b. enhance

Which of the following is/are seen as evidence of the increased absence of interstate war?
a. Security monopolies
b. Democratic peace law
c. Civil conflict in Africa and rising autocracy
d. Security communities such as those in Europe and democratic peace theory

d. Security communities such as those in Europe and democratic peace theory

Nonstate actors involved in conflict achieve a global presence using means that include(s)
a. media.
b. nongovernmental organizations.
c. international organizations such as the UN.
d. democratic states in the West.

a. media

A conflict that turns on one side’s ability to force the other side to fight on their own terms is
_______ war.
a. “new”
b. postmodern
c. asymmetric
d. civil

a. asymmetric

Paramilitary forces blur the distinction between
a. soldier and civilian.
b. state militaries and civil society.
c. paratroopers and irregular infantry.
d. terrorism and counterterrorism.

a. soldier and civilian

Patrick Lin asserts that drone warfare can lead to a “fourth D,” which is
a. dull.

b. Dungeness.
c. dangerous.
d. dispassion.

d. dispassion

The campaign called Operation Unified Protector targeted which country?
a. Libya
b. Chechnya
c. Syria
d. Bhutan

a. Libya

Human interest should take priority over national interest is a tenet of which school of
thought?
a. Realist
b. Liberal
c. Marxist
d. Global humanist

d. Global humanist

Academi (formerly Xe Services, formerly Blackwater) is an example of a(n)
a. Popular Mobilization Force (PMF).
b. national security corporation.
c. mercenary company.
d. privatized military firm (PMF).

d. privatized military firm (PMF)

The revolution in military affairs
a. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare.
b. demonstrates that technological advantage is decisive in warfare.
c. negates the idea of postmodern warfare.
d. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare, demonstrates that technological
advantage is decisive in warfare, and negates the idea of postmodern warfare.

a. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare

In the Sagan-Waltz discussion, the topic was
a. disputes about resources like oil.
b. nuclear proliferation.
c. disputes about land.
d. the fundamentally bad nature of all people.

b. nuclear proliferation

“Security is a contested concept” means scholars
a. who write about it study violence.
b. who write about it are fundamentally violent.
c. disagree about what the term means.
d. agree on what the term means.

c. disagree about what the term means

A state whose goal is to promote its worldview and influence events beyond its borders is
called a
a. superpower.
b. neorealist state.
c. hyperpower.
d. great power.great power.

a. superpower

Constructivists would most likely view _______ as the primary factor influencing “new
wars.”
a. identity
b. the balance of power
c. class inequality
d. gendered politics

a. identity

According to the text, academic disagreements about definitions of terms like “war” and
“security” matter because
a. warriors need to know why they risk death in the name of the state.
b. scholars often make policy recommendations to politicians.
c. students must have clear-cut answers to highly technical problems.
d. various scholarly journals differ with regards to their definitions.

b. scholars often make policy recommendations to politicians

According to the text, rising great powers such as China and Russia believe that _______
is/are failing to sustain the international system.
a. the GATT
b. autocratic governing mechanisms
c. democracy
d. their own economies

c. democracy

Gray zone tactics refer to
a. a littoral zone, as it relates to naval operations.
b. the tools of hybrid warfare.
c. the amorality of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency.
d. state military action contrary to the Geneva Conventions.

b. the tools of hybrid warfare

Hybrid warfare allows inferior militaries to
a. selectively breed super soldiers.
b. increase their conventional military capacity by assigning their forces different roles.
c. overcome advantages held by superior ones.
d. leverage their conventional military forces in a defensive land war.

c. overcome advantages held by superior ones

Which of the following is considered a normative power by the text?
a. United States
b. European Union
c. Russia
d. China

b. European Union

According to offensive neorealists, states are concerned with obtaining _______, which they
view as being _______ to other states.
a. norm supremacy; equivalent
b. wealth; irrelevant

c. institutional influence; normative
d. power; relative

d. power; relative

A powerful alliance of defense contractors that have a large degree of influence in politics
would be most alarming to
a. Marxist pacifists.
b. radical liberals.
c. neoclassical realists.
d. liberal reformists.

b. radical liberals

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) include
a. chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons.
b. atomic, or nuclear, weapons only.
c. chemical weapons, nerve agents, and atomic weapons.
d. any nuclear weapon and conventional bombs with a high enough explosive yield.

c. chemical weapons, nerve agents, and atomic weapons

Liberal or Grotian theorists encourage collective security as a means of
a. enhancing cooperation.
b. protection of the national interest.
c. sharing resources.
d. engaging in preventive war.

a. enhancing cooperation

According to constructivists, the fundamental structures of international politics are _______
rather than _______.
a. economic; political
b. material; social
c. social; political
d. social; material

c. social; material

Secular radicals who seek to create systems of governance that provide for basic human
needs through violent means are called
a. Marxist terrorists.
b. anarcholiberators.
c. atheistic terrorist networks.
d. liberation theologists.

a. Marxist terrorists

In Latin America, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, the trend has been
toward
a. nuclearization and militarization.
b. denuclearization and nuclear-weapon-free zones.
c. militarization and war.
d. denuclearization and war

b. denuclearization and nuclear-weapon-free zones

State A sends its military to support State B’s political structure and fight State B’s non-state
enemies. This is an example of
a. counterinsurgency.

b. counterterrorism.
c. peace enforcement.
d. hybrid warfare.

a. counterinsurgency

Which countries are NPT-declared weapons states?
a. Israel, Iran, North Korea, and United Kingdom
b. United Kingdom, France, United States, Russia, and China
c. Australia, North Korea, Iran, and India
d. India, China, France, and Cuba

b. United Kingdom, France, United States, Russia, and China

At the 1995 NPT review conference, the signatories
a. agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely.
b. voted to ban Iran, North Korea, and Nauru from further meetings.
c. could decide nothing; as a result, the meeting broke up in disarray.
d. changed the name from NPT to NST, to recognize the changing global political situation.

a. agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely

According to the text, nuclear globalization caused
a. the Antarctic Demilitarized Zone.
b. the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone.
c. a regionally differentiated world.
d. bans on the sale, ownership, or manufacturing of landmines and cluster bombs

c. a regionally differentiated world

An aspect of globalization after the Cold War is the declining centrality of the state; this
trend has created
a. rapid fluctuations in the spot market for bullets, depleted Uranium munitions, and spare parts
for aircraft.
b. the need for a renewed interest in the European Commission.
c. space for groups with subnational or pan-national agendas to act.
d. an end to traditional methods of arms sales and transfers.

c. space for groups with subnational or pan-national agendas to act

What term is used to describe the acquisition of nuclear weapons by states?
a. Nuclear proliferation

b. Nuclearization
c. Arms race

d. Weaponization

b. Nuclearization

Cultural explanations for terrorism focus on
a. civic nationalism.
b. liberation for individual values.
c. threats to identity.
d. reactions to the liberal international economic order.

c. threats to identity

In what year was the term “weapons of mass destruction” coined and by whom?
a. 1948, UN Commission for Conventional Armaments
b. 1953, US President Eisenhower
c. 2001, US President George W. Bush
d. 1968, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

a. 1948, UN Commission for Conventional Armaments

When did India and Pakistan cross the so-called nuclear threshold?
a. August 1978
b. November 1992
c. May 1998
d. July 2004

c. May 1998