The elements of group 1 and group 2 and the elements from group 13 to group 18 of the periodic table are known as representative elements. Elements in which all the inner shells are complete but outer shell is incomplete is known as representative elements.
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periodic trends
specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element.
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includes: electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, melting point, and metallic character.
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radius
the shortest distance between the atom's nuclei and the outermost shell of the atom.
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ionic radius
the distance between the nucleus of an ion and the outermost shell of the ion
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ionization energy
Energy required to remove an electron from an atom. measured in kilojoules (KJ)
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electron affinity
the likelihood of an atom to gain an electron. Measured in Kilojoules (KJ)
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electronegativity
Tendency to attract electrons to itself in a chemical bond. Scale from 0-4.0 (lowest to highest attraction)
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activity of metals
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activity of nonmetals
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cations/charges on metal ions
cations are ions that are positively charged. they are smaller than the atoms from which they are formed
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anions/charges on nonmetal ions
non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
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octet rule
the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds.
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valence electrons
the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom
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inert
An inert chemical substance is one that is not generally reactive.
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bohr models
electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels
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