eco/evo week 10 (exam 3)

ecology is the study of interactions between _____ and their _____; these interactions can determine _____ and _____ of organisms

ecology is the study of interactions between _____ and their _____; these interactions can determine _____ and _____ of organisms

organisms, environment, distribution, abundance

the general systems theory says that _____ can be explained as collective part that operate (together/ independently) and result in repeating _____; parts are linked by _____ and _____ flows

patterns, independently, patterns, energy, matter

the hierarchy theory states that systems are embedded within (smaller/ larger) systems, and processes at one _____ impacts others

larger, level

rank the levels of ecology:

a. landscape

b. community

c. population

d. biome

e. individual/ organism

f. ecosystem

e, c, b, f, a, d

rank the structural scales from smallest to largest:

a. population

b. tissue

c. cell

d. community

e. organ system

f. organism

g. molecule

h. organ

i. ecosystem

g, c, b, h, e, f, a, d, i

a population is a group of individuals of the same _____ that live within a particular _____ and _____ with one another

species, area, interact

a genet is an individual that is a product of a _____ _____

single fertilization

a ramet is an individual who is _____ _____ by means of (asexual/ sexual) reproduction

physiologically independent, asexual

distribution of a population is the _____ _____ of the species; population size is the number of _____ in the population; population density is the number of individuals per _____ _____

geographic range, individuals, unit area

for mark & capture, solve for N by M/N = R/T where…

N=_____

M=_____

R=_____

T=_____

population, marked, recovered marked, total number captured second time

an index of abundance is a relative measure of the size of a _____ or _____ (relative to a _____ other than area)

population, sub-unit, unit

a sample quadrat estimation is commonly used for an estimation of population _____

size

small organisms have a (lesser/ greater) population density than larger organisms

greater

increased density (decreases/ increases) resource competition, (decreasing/ increasing) fertility, survivorship, and growth of individuals

increases, decreasing

survivorship type 1 is mostly (r/ k) selected species; the curve shows a (low/ high) death rate early in life and a(n) (decreasing/ increasing) death rate late in life (example: _____)

k, low, increasing, humans

survivorship type 2 shows constant _____ (example: _____)

mortality, birds

survivorship type 3 is mostly (r/ k) selected species; the curve shows a (low/ high) death rate early in life and a(n) (decreasing/ increasing) death rate late in life (example: _____)

r, high, decreasing, oysters

the two pillars of ecological explanation are the _____ _____ model and the model of _____ & _____ constraint

niche difference, spacial, temporal

the niche difference model states that population distribution is explained through _____ gradients, _____, and species _____

environmental, disturbances, interactions

the model of spacial & temporal constraint states that _____ of habitats explains distribution by creating barriers to _____

isolation, dispersal

an example of a factor that limits geographic range is insufficient _____ for dispersal

time

examples of barriers to dispersal are mountain _____, large _____ of _____, dams, and _____ development

ranges, bodies, water, human

barriers to dispersal can lead to _____ isolation and _____ speciation

reproductive, allopatric

male-biased ratios lead to (slower/ faster) population growth because _____ are generally the rate-limiting step in production

slower, females

an environmental factor that directly affects male-female ratios in reptiles is _____

temperature

the fundamental law of population dynamics states that _____ and _____ add individuals in a population and _____ and _____ remove individuals from a population

birth, immigration, death, emigration

life history strategies refer to similarities in a species’ _____ to address their needs; they reflect similar _____ _____ working on different species in different environments

adaptations, selective forces

asexual reproduction is simple _____ _____; all _____ and many _____ participate

cell division, prokaryotes, protists

sexual reproduction is done through _____ and genetic _____; many _____ organisms participate

meiosis, recombination, multicellular

some multicellular _____ and _____ reproduce both sexually and asexually

animals, plants

sexual reproduction reduces population _____ _____ and lowers effective population _____

growth rate, size

males provide increased genetic _____

variation

smaller eggs result in (slower/ faster) development

faster

earlier reproduction results in (less/ more) frequented times of reproduction; the number of _____ increases with size and age

more, offspring

delayed maturity might increase lifetime _____

output

semelparous: _____

iteroparous: _____

reproduce once, reproduce many times

metamorphosis is an abrupt transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage

larval, juvenile

direct development is a transition from a _____ egg to the _____ stage (no _____ stage)

fertilized, juvenile, larval

a disadvantage to metamorphosis is that the transition can leave the animal _____

vulnerable

senescence is the decline in _____ of an organism with _____ and _____ deterioration

fitness, age, physiological

(semelparous/ iteroparous) species undergo very rapid senescence and death following reproduction

semelparous

in r-K selection, r-selected species tend to reproduce at the _____ rate possible, and K-selected species tend to reproduce only to levels that the _____ _____ of the environment can support

fastest, carrying capacity

r-K selection: K is characterized by…

(low/ high) population growth rates

(small/ large) body size

(shorter/ longer) life spans and (early/ late maturity)

(crowded/ uncrowded) environments

(disturbed/ undisturbed) habitats

(stable/ unstable) population size

(low/ high) parental investment

(low/ high) mortality rate

(low/ high) number of offspring

low, large, longer, late, crowded, undisturbed, stable, high, low, low

r-K selection: r is characterized by…

(low/ high) population growth rates

(small/ large) body size

(shorter/ longer) life spans and (early/ late) maturity

(crowded/ uncrowded) environments

(disturbed/ undisturbed) habitats

(stable/ unstable) population size

(low/ high) parental investment

(low/ high) mortality rate

(low/ high) number of offspring

high, small, shorter, early, uncrowded, disturbed, unstable, low, high, high

greenslade’s r-K-A:

r selection is favored in (predictable/ unpredictable) habitats

K selection is favored in (predictable/ unpredictable), (favorable/ unfavorable) habitats

A selection is favored in (predictable/ unpredictable), (favorable/ unfavorable) habitats

unpredictable, predictable, favorable, predictable, unfavorable

grime’s triangle is a classification scheme for _____ life histories based on _____ (any factor that reduces growth) and _____ (any process that destroys biomass)

plant, stress, disturbance

charnov’s cube is most useful for comparing life histories across a broad range of _____

grime’s scheme is most useful for comparisons between _____ taxa

greenslade’s continuum is most useful for relating life history characteristics to _____ _____ characteristics

taxonomies, plant, population growth

fecundity is the maximum per capita _____ _____ under ideal conditions

growth rate

fertility is the mean _____ _____

birth rate

high fecundity results in (smaller/ larger) offspring; larger offspring results in (low/ high) offspring survival

smaller, high

without limits, all species populations would grow _____

exponentially

as population density increases, birth rates (decrease/ increase), death rates (decrease/ increase), dispersal (decreases/ increases), which makes the population size (decrease/ increase)

decrease, increase, increases, decrease

density dependent growth regulation results in a logistic growth curve; the population increases _____ and then _____ at the _____ _____

rapidly, stabilizes, carrying capacity

(r-selected/ K-selected) species populations fluctuate dramatically over time

r-selected

(r-selected/ K-selected) species populations are fairly stable over time

K-selected

if a population overshoots its carrying capacity, it will experience a _____

dieback

specialists have a specific _____ and _____ requirements; they tend to have (small/ large) geographic ranges and are _____ to changes in the environment

habitat, resource, small, vulnerable

generalists have wide _____ and _____ tolerances; they tend to have (small/ large) geographic ranges and can survive under many _____

habitat, resource, large, conditions

the vast majority of species on Earth are (generalists/ specialists)

specialists