ch.9 hematopoietic system

red blood cells, biconcave discs without a nucleus, contain hemoglobin (iron-based protein that carries oxygen)

erythrocytes

•platelets, smallest blood cells, used for clotting

thrombocytes

erythrocytes and thrombocytes are made in

red bone marrow

white blood cells

leukocytes

leukocytes are made in both

red marrow and lymphoid tissue

•Decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin (iron-based protein that carries oxygen) in the peripheral blood.

anemia

anemia can be caused by improper formation of

red blood cells

anemia can be caused by increased rate of

red blood cell destruction

anemia can be caused by loss of red blood cells as a result of

prolonged bleeding

hemoglobin deficiency causes person to appear

pale (mouth and nail beds)

anemia Results in decrease in adequate oxygen supply to cells and tissues leading to

fatigue

muscle weakness

SOB

most common cause of anemia

iron deficiency

Most frequently results from chronic blood loss

iron deficiency anemia

other causes of iron deficiency anemia

inadequate dietary intake of iron

defective RBCs have a

shortened lifespan

•Less commonly-acquired and related to circulating antibodies from autoimmune or allergic reactions, or the malarial parasite

hemolytic anemia

•circular instead of biconcave, so fragile and rupture easily

spherocytosis

•generally in African Americans, hemoglobin is abnormal and red blood cells are crescent or sickle shaped and rupture easily

sickle cell anemia

predominantly in people living near the Mediterranean Sea or their descendants

Thalassemia

•Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency leads to defective synthesis of DNA and decreased number of red blood cells, but normal amount of hemoglobin

megaloblastic anemia

Most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is

•pernicious anemia

•Failure of bone marrow to function

aplastic anemia

aplastic anemia results in decreased

erythrocytes

leukocytes

platelets

causes of aplastic anemia

exposure to chemical agents or drugs

infections

invasion of the bone marrow by cancer

•Neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells

leukemia

•cancer of bone marrow

Myelolytic leukemia

•malignancy of lymph nodes

Lymphatic leukemia

•-abrupt onset, progresses rapidly, most common form in children

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

common finding of leukemia

spleomegaly

Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system (lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues of parenchymal organs

lymphoma

•90% originate in the lymph nodes, 10% extranodal (sites other than the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and lymphatic ring on pharynx)

Hodgkin

•parenchymal organs mainly, 40% extranodal

Non-Hodgkin

most common radiographic finding of lymphoma

mediastinal lymph node enlargement

Self-limited viral disease of lymphoreticular system

infectious mononucleosis

mono is characterized by vague symptoms of

mild fever

fatigue

sore throat

mono is termed the

kissing disease because it is spread through saliva

characteristic mono clinical and radiographic findings

lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly

blood clotting is called

coagulation

coagulation factors include

platelets

calcium

12 coenzymes/proteins

Deficiency in quantity or activity of any of these factors may lead to inability to control bleeding

hemorrhage

•Inherited (sex-linked recessive gene) anomaly of blood coagulation that appears clinically only in males

hemophilia

hemophilia is caused by decreased

serum concentration

hemophilia is caused by absence of

• antihemophilic globulin (factor VIII)

pts with hemophilia suffer lifelong tendency to

spontaneous hemorrhage or severe bleeding

•Deficiency in platelets

Causes spontaneous hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, and internal organs

Purpura (Thrombocytopenia)

Purpura (Thrombocytopenia) may cause

petechiae

ecchymoses

•sudden onset of sever purpura 1-2 weeks after a sore throat or upper respiratory infection in an otherwise healthy child

Acute idiopathic type

•primarily in young women, insidious onset (slow) with history of easy bruising and menorrhagia

Chronic idiopathic type