APUSH Unit 3-Quiz 2

November 22nd, 1963

• assassination of JFK

• Lee Harvey Oswald shot

• Jack Ruby killed Oswald before any questions could be asked

Warren Commission

• suggested that Oswald acted alone

• lot of conspiracy issues

• CIA plot

• magic bullet

• zapruder film

Lee Harvey Oswald

• responsible for the assassination of JFK

Jack Ruby

• shot Lee Harvey Oswald before the police could question him

Kennedy v Nixon debates

• 1st time TV was used to televise a debate

• person as a whole vs personal view

John F Kennedy

• democrat

• Massachusetts

• Irish Catholic (issue)

• Good looking, charming

Richard Nixon

• republican

• Watergate Scandal: tried to cover it up

• Foreign Policy: Detente

New Frontier

• President JFK’s program to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reforms in education, health care, and civil rights

Flexible Response

• JFK shifts away from Eisenhower’s massive retaliation

• allows JFK to have options to various threats

• conventional or nuclear weapons

August 13th, 1961: Berlin Wall

• USSR builds the Berlin Wall in reaction to the Bay of Pigs

• physical representation of the Cold War

• stop people from leaving Eastern Berlin

• USSR uses a hydrogen bomb to show power

Peace Corps

• voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries to promote peace

• encouraged by Kennedy

Vietnam War

• French withdrew in 1954

• South and North Vietnam split

• Vietcong (Communist forces in South) assassinate officials and start controlling South Vietnam

• Ngo Dinh Diem cracks down on Buddhist monks

• coup occurs and Diem is taken and killed by own people

• JFK does not approve but doesn’t not condemn the current government

November 1st, 1963

• South Vietnam government was overthrown by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam with the support of the US

Bay of Pigs

• 1400 trained (by the CIA) Cuban exiles invaded Cuba

• purpose was to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro

• Kennedy went against the CIA by stopping an air attack that was supposed to help

Cuban Missile Crisis

• US U-2 spy planes found missile silos when flying over Cuba

• USSR had secret missiles in Cuba

• US ordered the navy to stop vessels with offensive weapons

• Khrushchev was told to dismantle the bases

• any Cuban based attack would be fully retaliated upon Soviet soil

• Khrushchev backs down

• Kennedy lifts blockade

• installed the red phone (US + USSR)

Robert Kennedy

• advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba

Lyndon Johnson

• pushed for Kennedy’s programs

• wanted racial equality

• named president while in an airplane after JFK’s assassination

Economic Opportunity Act - 1964

• finance local antipoverty efforts

• train the unskilled

• lend money to small businesses in poor areas

War on Poverty

• LBJ declared

• 40 million Americans below poverty line

• Office of Economic Opportunity oversee programs to help poor

• many new programs passed to help with poor

Great Society

• set of domestic programs to address poverty, racial injustice, and expand welfare in the US

• LBJ’s democratic reform program

Medicare

• people over 65

• A: hospital insurance for retired

• B: optional covering for doctor bills

Elementary and Secondary Education Act - 1964

• gave federal funds to school districts

• started Head-Start

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• LBJ increased involvement to win the war in Vietnam

• air raids on North Vietnam to 5000 a month

• search and destroy missions (hunt down enemy)

Escalation

• US bombs North Vietnam’s supply line

• stalemate for 3 years

• bombing was ineffective

• US had 500,000 troops in Vietnam

• Vietcong controlled 40% of South Vietnam

• Guerilla warfare

• Tet Offensive

Ho Chih Minh Trail

• military supply route used by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War to transport troops, weapons, and ammunition to support communist insurgents in South Vietnam

General Westmoreland

• in charge of the US forces in the Vietnam War

My Lai Massacre

• US mass murders unarmed civilians in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War

• US takes out anger

Free Speech Movement

• student-led protest movement beginning at the University of California Berkley

• aimed to secure rights to free speech and academic freedom

• suspicion of depression born affluent society

Students for a Democratic Society

• advocated for social and political change

• started in Michigan

• rid America of poverty, racism, violence

• participatory democracy- individual over group

Teach-ins

• educational events, often held on college campuses, to discuss social or political issues and raise awareness

• gained prominence during the Vietnam War era

• allowed students and faculty to express their views

• protested Vietnam War

• Michigan

Columbia 1968

• student protest that led to mass arrest in New York

• seized 5 buildings

• sit-ins occupy campus buildings to express demands

Cesar Chavez

• organized farmworkers, helped increase wages, wanted more rights for mexican workers

• American labor leader and civil rights activist

National Farm Workers Association

• 5 year struggle to increase wages

• Chicano - an American of Mexican origin

• improve working conditions of farmworkers in US especially California

• Cesar Chavez

Betty Friedan

• feminist writer and activist

• The Feminine Mystique book

• house should be a comfortable concentration camp

• housewives had no self-esteem or no sense of identity

National Organization for Women (NOW)

• attacked revered institutions

• promote equality for women: employment, pay, abortion, equal rights amendment to the constitution

Equal Rights Amendment - 1972

• aimed to guarantee equal rights whether male or female

• Phyllis Schlafly successfully fought against the ERA

Tet Offensive

• Vietcong and North Vietnam launched offensive in South Vietnam

• American and South Vietnam forces quashed the attack

• turning point in Vietnam War

• helped solidify the anti-war movement in the US

EPA

• Environmental Protection Agency

• made to try to protect the environment

Clean Air Act

• established air quality standards

• protect environment

• limit emissions

Detente

• Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger policy

• relaxation of tension with the Soviet Union to lessen the possibility of war in the 1970s

• 1: send Kissinger to China and USSR

• 2: Nixon and Kissinger to USSR to promote economic and cultural changes, China into the UN

• 3: Nixon and Kissinger to USSR, SALT, no more making nuclear ballistic missiles

• 4: get out of Vietnam

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

• treaty that limited the deployment of antiballistic missiles

• agreement to freeze the number of offensive missiles for five years

Cambodia

• My Lai Massacre occurred

Kent St. 1970

• 4 students killed demonstrating against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia

January 27, 1973

• Paris Peace Accords were signed which ended US military involvement in the Vietnam War

• Nixon signed

Watergate Scandal

• break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex

• disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in forced Nixon to resign as president

• Nixon tried to cover it up and denied involvement

• Nixon claimed executive privilege on information

• Nixon won’t give judge the tapes

• ends Nixon’s presidency

Saturday Night Massacres

• Nixon fires all people trying to get information of the democratic meetings and on the Watergate Scandal

Stagflation

• economic state characterized by high inflation, low economic growth, and high unemployment

• during Nixon’s presidency

Gerald Ford

• President after Nixon resigns

Sandra Day O’Conner

• 1st woman to the Supreme Court

Equal Rights Amendment - 1972

• constitutional amendment passed by congress in 1972 to guarantee women equal treatment under the law

• failed to be ratified

Phyllis Schafly

• opposed Equal Rights Amendment

• didn’t want unisex toilets, homosexual marriages, drafting of women, equal job requirements

Roe v Wade 1973

• women have a constitutional right to abortion during the early stages of pregnancy

• state v federal rights

• women v fetus rights

• 1st trimester: pregnant women’s doctor

• 2nd trimester: state promotes interest in mother’s health

• 3rd trimester: states may prohibit abortion

Gay Liberation Front

• encourage homosexuals to affirm their pride with their sexual identity

• don’t ask, don’t tell

AIDS/HIV

• seen as a gay disease

• ACT UP

Defense of Marriage Act 1996

• marriage as a union between one man and one women for all federal purposes

Gerald Ford

• replaced Nixon after he resigned

September 8, 1974

• Ford pardoned Nixon to end bitterness

• main reason Ford loses next election: pardoning a criminal

Jimmy Carter

• wins election of 1976

• claims he is an outsider and will clean the swamp

Camp David Accords

• try to get peace in Palestine

• Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel meet at Camp David

• Israel agreed to give Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

• Egypt recognized Israel as a country for the first time

• leads to 9/11

Nicaragua 1979

• Sandinistas took over and move to be like Cuba (Communist)

• Carter sent aid to El Salvadorian Junta as it started to grow communist

• rebels take over El Salvador

Iran Hostage Crisis

• led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

• Carter allowed the former Shah of Iran to enter US for cancer treatment

• Iran seized 52 hostages in the embassy for 444 days

• Carter tried diplomacy and economic ideas

• tries helicopters - fail

SALT 2

• USSR and US agree to only having 2400 nuclear launchers

MX Missile

• US created to go around SALT 2

Moral Majority

• Jerry Falwell under Ronald Reagan

• fundamentalist group dedicated to preserving “American way of life”

• fight pornography, vulgarity, profanity

• invited Roman Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Mormons Nonreligious

• forcing Christian beliefs

Election of 1980

• Ronald Reagan wins

• liked

Supply-side Economics

• Andrew Mellon

• also called trickle down economics

• tax cuts would shift resources to allow for investment

• increase wealthy involvement

PATCO 1981

• air traffic controllers union strike

• Reagan fired all striking workers and decertified the union

• hired and trained new controllers

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

• Russia shooting missiles at US

• US sends satellites into space with mirrors on them

• US shots laser at mirror so it can bounce off and hit missiles

• star wars

Oliver North

• head of NSC: advises president on national security

Boland Amendment

• prohibited any US agency from spending money in Central America

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty

• remove or destroy all intermediate missiles in Europe

America with Disabilities Act

• under George Bush

• prohibited discrimination against the disabled in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations

• all public buildings, restaurants, and stores had to create an access to their building for handicapped

Tiananmen Square

• students wanted rid of command government

• US allowed to videotape

• ATV crashes through crowd

• turns violent, 1 military person killed

• China cuts communication and kills and arrests people

• Berlin Wall comes down: end of communism

Mikhail Gorbachev

• USSR leader

• Perestroika: restructure economy to capitalistic

• Glasnost: political openess

Operation Desert Shield

• initial phase of Persian Gulf War

• buildup of U.S. and allied troops in the region, with the goal of deterring further Iraqi aggression and preparing for a potential liberation of Kuwait

• Muslims were part of the coalition as well, not all Christian based

Operation Desert Storm

• US takes out Iraq air force

• US attacks on ground

• freed Kuwait in 100 hours

William Clinton

• wins election after Bush because Bush lied about taxes and economy into recession

• bring budget under control, change healthcare, don’t ask don’t tell

• only president to have surplus of money

NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement

• no tariffs between US, Canada, Mexico

Lewinski Affair

• Monica Lewinski having relations with Clinton

• Clinton denied over and over

• charged with perjury

• not impeached

Bosnia, Kosovo

• Bill Clinton tries to stop ethnic cleansing