Biology Study Set: Key Terms on HIV, COVID-19 & Vaccines

influenza

respiratory: influenza

3 types: A, B, C

type A causes most infections

virus attaches to, and multiplies in cells of the respiratory tract

segments of RNA genome enters the nucleus

finishes viruses are assembled and bud off the cell

hanta

respiratory:

hantavirus, pulmonary syndrome

family: bunyaviridae

characteristics:

RNA

negative strand genome

enveloped

replicates in cytoplasm

no arthropod vector

rodent hosts

mumps

cardiovascular/lymphatic/systemic: mumps

paramyxovirus

disease caused by infection with paramyxovirus and marked by swelling in and around the parotid salivary glands

rabies

nervous/muscle: rabies

rhabdovirus family

genus lyssavirus

enveloped, bullet-shaped virions

slow, progressive zoonotic disease

primary reservoirs: wild animals

can be spread by both wild and domestic by bites, scratches, and inhalation of droplets

SARS (covid) = severe acute respiratory syndrome

respiratory: severe respiratory distress (SARS, MERS)

airborne transmission

9% of total cases fatal

transmission: droplet or direct contact

fever, body aches, and malaise

may or may not experience respiratory symptoms with breathing problems

severe cases can result in respiratory distress and death

ebola

cardiovascular/lymphatic/systemic: ebola hemorrhagic fever

filovirus

enveloped nonsegmented ssRNA virus

hepatitis C

caused by a flavivirus (HCV)

acquired though blood contact - blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers

infections with varying characteristics

- 75 - 85% will remain infected indefinitely

- possible severe symptoms without permanent liver damage

- more common to have chronic liver disease, without overt symptoms

cancer may also result from chronic HCV infection

treatment:

inferon and ribavirin to lessen liver damage

no cure and vaccine

measles

caused by morbillivirus

also known as red measles and rubeola

different from german measles

very contagious

transmitted by respiratory aerosols

humans are the only reservoir

<100 cases/yr in US; frequent cause of death worldwide

virus invades mucosal lining of respiratory tract

initial symptoms: sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever

HIV

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

first emerged in early 1980s

severe pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii (ordinarily harmless fungus)

a rare vascular cancer called kaposi sarcoma

sudden weight loss, swollen lymph nodes

general loss of immune function

retrovirus, genus lentivirus

can only infect host cells that have the required CD4 marker plus a coreceptor

prions

nervous/muscle: creutzfieldt - jakob disease

spongiform encephalitis

antigenic shift

one of the genes or RNA strands is substituted with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a different animal host cell

- genome of virus consists of 10 genes encoded on 8 separate RNA strands

antigenic drift

constant mutation

gradually change their AA composition

nonsegmented ssRNA viruses

paramyxoviruses

- paramyxovirus (parainfluenza and mump viruses)

- morbillivirus (measles virus)

rhabdoviruses

- rabies virus, genus lyssavirus

coronaviruses

- COVID-19

flaviviruses

- hepatitis C

filoviruses

- ebola virus

difference between measles and German measles

caused by a different virus than measles

measles: paramyxovirus; morbillivirus

german measles: togavirus; rubivirus

koplik spots

oral lesions

exanthem

characteristic red maculopapula

eruption on the head, progressing to trunk and extremities to cover most of the body

MMR vaccine

measles, mumps, rubella (German measles)

1st dose: 9-15 months

2nd dose: 15 months-6 years

clinical phases of rabies

prodromal phase

furious phase

dumb phase

progress to coma phase

prodromal phase

fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue; some experience pain, burning, tingling sensations at site of wound

furious phase

agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia

dumb phase

paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous

progress to coma phase

resulting in death

some common carriers of rabies

raccoons

skunks

bats

foxes

cats

cattle

dogs

west nile

most prevalent cause of arboviral disease in the U.S.

infected mosquitoes transmit virus by biting humans

80% show no symptoms

symptoms:

fever

headache

body aches

joint pains

vomiting

diarrhea

rash

dengue

flavivirus carried by aedes mosquito; not in US; usually mild infection

dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome (breakbone fever): extreme muscle and joint pain; can be fatal

zika virus

produce symptoms very similar to dengue

transmissible through sexual intercourse and mosquitoes

retroviruses (HIV)

genus lentivirus

encode reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme which makes dsDNA from a ssRNA genome

viral genes permanently integrated into host DNA

cause of AIDS

GP 41 and GP 120

envelope spike complex and formed as a heterotrimer of 3 GP 41 and 3 GP 120

found on the surface of HIV

responsible for attachment, fusion, and infection of host cells

SARS-CoV-2

spherical virus with crownlike appearance due to projection of spikes from viral envelope

identified by detection of viral antigens using antibody-based assays

nasopharyngeal swabs are normal source of sample for testing

primarily RT-PCR test

habitat: animals and humans with bats as natural reservoir

spread primarily by respiratory droplets, along with aerosol spread

virulence factors:

ability to induce systemic inflammation

rapid mutation in spike proteins results in multiple viral strains with differing degrees of infectivity, virulence, and ability to evade vaccine-induced immunity

primary infection/disease:

COVID-19

control and treatment:

frequent testing, isolation, masking, three vaccines (JJ, moderna and pfizer)

protease inhibitors

generic name:

atazanavir

darunavir

saquinavir

brand name:

reyataz

prezistia

invirase

prevents activation of assembled viruses

integrase inhibitors

generic name:

dolutegravir

raltegravir

cabotegravir

brand name:

tivicay

isentress

vocabria

prevent integration of HIV DNA into host cell DNA

HCoV-229E

genus: alpha

primary disease:

mild upper respiratory illness (colds)

HCoV-NL63

genus alpha

primary disease:

mild upper respiratory illness (colds)

HCoV-OC43

genus beta

primary disease:

mild upper respiratory illness (colds)

HCoV-

genus beta

primary disease:

mild upper respiratory illness (colds)

HKU1

genus betacoronavirus

SARS-CoV

genus: beta

primary disease:

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

case fatality rate: 9.6%

MERS-CoV

genus: beta

primary disease: middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)

case fatality rate: 34.3%

SARS-CoV-2

genus: beta

primary disease:

COVID-19

case fatality rate:

1.64%

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

spongiform encephalopathy caused by infection with a prion

marked by dementia, impaired senses, and uncontrollable muscle contractions

PrP

normal host protein founce in mammalian brians

abnormal PrP

acquired a significant change in its shape through mutation or some other means

becomes catalytic and able to spontaneously convert other normal human PrP proteins into the abnormal form