Music 1010 Test 3

Impressionism and Expressionism

20th century art and music became more experimental and more distant from the taste of the general public

Claude Monet's Impressionist Paintings

Poppy fields, Water lilies, and Sunset in Venice

Impressionism

-In 19th century France, composers looked to alternatives of the major and minor key
-Forms were shorter and less regular in pattern

Whole Tone Scale

A 7-note scale consisting entirely of whole steps

Parallel Chords

Chords moving in parallel motion, mirroring up/down motions

Impressionism Rhythm

More fluid (not as transparent and easy to grasp)

Impressionism Composers Scale

Made use of all 12 tones in the chromatic scale

Who is the composer for Impressionism?

Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy

-Leader of musical impressionism
-Like imp. painters and symbolist writers, he evoked moods and created atmospheres
-Used the pentatonic scale

Pentatonic Scale

A five note scale

Who wrote Prelude to the Afternoon of a Fawn?

Claude Debussy

Prelude to the Afternoon of a Fawn

-Lyrical melodies created with nontraditional scales
-Floating rhythms

More Claude Debussy songs?

Clair de Lune and La Mer

What is Claude Debussy's most famous piece?

La Mer

Salute to Debussy

Very common for producers to shoot movie scenes around bodies of water when using Debussy's music

Expressionism

Composers began to question usefulness and development possibilities of tonal system, mid 20th century

What is Expressionism characterized by?

-Hyper-extension
-Abandonment of tonal centers
-Extreme range in melodic structures
-Forceful accents
-Abrupt dynamic changes

Expressionism Paintings?

Resurrection and The Scream

Who is the Expressionism Composer?

Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg

Early works met with hostility and derision by critics and the public

Sprechstimme

Type of performance that is in-between both singing and speaking

Serialism

Style of composition where all 12 pitches were treated equally

Tone Row

A set of 12 notes where none repeat, no notes happen more than once

Piano

-Plucking or striking strings by hand or mallet from inside the keyboard cover
-Placing objects between the strings can create new timbres

Strings

Cal legno; striking strings with the wooden back of the bow, tune strings to pitches other than what is usual

Winds

Play only parts of disassembled instruments, produce more than one tone at a time

Five Orchestral Pieces

-Schoenberg
-Not symphonic
-Unbroken succession of colors, rhythms, and moods
-Expressionism

Example of Sprechstimme

-Pierrot Lunaire Sequenza 3
-Written by Schoenberg

Neoclassicism

-First half of the 20th century
-Similar to Baroque and Classical eras
-Intended to be absolute music
-Polyphonic
-Return to older forms like sonata and rondo
-Smaller orchestra

Sergi Prokofiev

-Russian composer, works influenced by Russian political issues
-Pianist
-Early works were dissonant, experimental
-Invited back home due to his work in Neoclassicism

Who is the compose for Neoclassicism?

Sergi Prokofiev

Classical Symphony (Gavotta)

-Imitates the style of Haydn
-Classical era, 4 movements
-Written by Prokofiev

Minimalism

Music based on the repetition of melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic motifs with little or no variation

Minimalistic Paintings?

Gran Cairo, Wall Drawing, and Equivalent 8

Example of Minimalistic music?

Electric Counterpoint by Steve Reich

John Adams

-Won 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Music, On the Transmigration of Souls
-Incorporates American, pop and world music
-Wrote many styles

On the Transmigration of Souls

Choral work that honors the victims of 9/11

Short Ride in a Fast Machine

-Written as an opening piece
-Use of repeated rhythmic figures to create the feel of driving
-Very popular
-Written by John Adams

Who is the Composer for Minimalism?

John Adams

Neoromanticism and Modern Cultural Music

-Return to symphony and romantic style
-Recent trend in orchestral music
-Reaction to atonal and electronic music
-Return to tonality and expression

Samuel Barber

-Full of lush extended harmonies mixed with contemporary sounds of the 20th century
-Prolific writer
-Melodic and accessible
-2-time Pulitzer Prize winner

Adagio for Strings

-One of the most loved and famous instrumental works
-Barber's best work
-Written for string orchestra
-Dissonance and Consonance
-4 climaxes

What is known as Movie Music?

Neoromantic

Who is the Composer for Neoromanticism?

Samuel Barber

Jazz Elements

-3-7 players
-Rhythm section: Drums, bass, guitar, piano
-Horns: Trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, vocals

Most standard kind of Jazz Combo

-Quintet
-Trumpet, sax, drums, bass, and piano

Jazz Big Band or Orchestra

Lead trumpet of the entire ensemble, upper register, and dictates style

Jazz Education

-97% of all recorded jazz music is jazz combo
-Majority is improvised, and in some cases not even written out
-Sometimes not even rehearsed

Most important Jazz Element

Feel

Standard Jazz Feel

Swing

Swing

Describes the sense of propulsive rhythmic feel and groove created between the performers

Paul Chambers

Bass player for Miles Davis

Ron Carter

Bass player's revenge

1619

First Africans are sold into slavery

1817

Congo Square in New Orleans is designated as the official site for slave music

1895

Scott Joplin publishes his first 2 rags

1899

Duke Ellington is born

Congo Square

-Place where slaves set up markets, and participated in music and dance
-Birthplace of the music and culture in New Orleans

Congo Square today

-One of New Orleans treasured historical sites
-Rallying/gathering point during the civil rights movement (1954-1968)

Wynton Marsalis

Has a piece called Congo Square

Jazz name

Comes from the word Jas

What does Jas mean?

Sex

Early Jazz

-Referred to as Dixie Land
-Music being performed in New Orleans in the early 20th century
-Most prominent musician is Louis Armstrong
-Biggest band is The Hot Fives and Sevens

Who was the leader of The Hot Fives and Sevens?

Louis Armstrong

Dixieland

-Historical name for southern U.S.
-Implies the traditions and legacies of Confederate America
-Unwelcome term

Song by The Hot Fives and Sevens?

Gut bucket blues

Louis Armstrong

-Popularized the trumpet
-Served as cultural and goodwill ambassador to the U.S.
-Career spanned five decades
-First African American entertainer to cross over, whose skin color was secondary to his music
-Rarely publicized his race, often to the dismay to his fellow men
-American Hero

Who goes by the nicknames Satchmo and Pop?

Louis Armstrong

Jazz Music

-American classical music
-Not easy to listen to
-Enjoying it is not a prerequisite for listening to jazz

Duke Ellington

-One of the most influential pianists, composers, and historical figures
-Band leader of a jazz orchestra in Harlem
-Sought to blur the boundaries between jazz and classical music
-Genius like Bach

Take the A-train

-Taking a train to get to Sugarhill, Harlem
-Written by Duke Ellington

Queen Suites

-Ellington met Queen Elizabeth in 1958 at an arts festival in Yorkshire
-Duke outlines what would become the Queen Suites
-He and his orchestra record and sent it to the Queen
-6 pieces

What was the Queen Suites inspired by?

Natural phenomenon or human encounters

Most famous piece from the Queen Suites?

The Single Petal of a Rose

Which composer was the Queen Suites similar to?

Vivaldi due to how he liked to portray nature

Bebop

-Virtuosic
-Vocabulary is rapid with many notes
-Extremely popular by the end of the 1940's
-Some musicians retired because it was too difficult

Primary innovators of Bebop

Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie

Armstrong's opinion on Bebop

It was two little birdies going astray

Scat

Improvised jazz singing where the voice is used in imitation of an instrument

Example of a person who did Scat

Ella Fitzgerald

Miles Davis

-Widely considered the most influential musicians of the 20th century
-Together with his musical groups were at the forefront of major developments like Bebop, cool and modal jazz, post-bop, and jazz fusion

Miles Davis Early Life

-Raised in St. Louis, relatively wealthy
-Played instrument at 9
-Influenced by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
-Attended Juilliard at 19

Miles Davis opinion on Bebop

It didn't have the humanity of Duke Ellington

Main style after Bebop

Cool Jazz

Cool Jazz

-Minimalist approach where sometimes a tune would have several notes and very few chords; like 2

Centerpiece album for Cool Jazz

-Kind of Blue-Miles Davis Quintet
-So What-Has 2 chords

Miles Davis Second Quintet

-Much freer, less overall formal organization of the music
-Tony Williams is the drummer
-Most successful record was Miles Smiles

What record was the end of Cool Jazz?

Miles Smiles

Tony Williams

-Prodigy
-Known as the prophet or wonderkind by musicians and listeners
-Drummer

Best songs Tony Williams is on?

Freedom Jazz Dance and Agitation

Electric Miles

-In the 60s and 70s there was a rise of rock, funk, and soul music
-Groups like Tower of Power, Sly and the family Stone; all influenced by Miles Davis
-Music was extremely in form
-Minimal cues and overall shape were what most musicians had to work with

Most influential record for Electric Miles

Bitches Brew

Miles Davis Later Years

-His 1985 album "You're Under Arrest" he recorded several pop tunes, such as Time after Time by Cyndi Lauper
-Contemporary musicians say he sold out and forfeited his musical legacy

Song from the You're Under Arrest album

Burn

John Coltrane

-Most famous jazz symphonist of all time
-Performed all styles
-Winner of a Pulitzer Prize
-Served in the Navy at Pearl Harbor in 1945

Coltrane's Giant Steps

-One of the most famous pieces in straight ahead jazz
-Very challenging
-Many players use it as a showcase for their technical abilities
-His composing and recording set higher standards for jazz technique

Coltrane's A Love Supreme

-Considered to be his masterpiece
-Heralded his search for spiritual and musical freedom
-Widely recognized as a work of deep spirituality and analyzed with religious subtext

A Love Supreme's song Psalm

-4th movement
-Includes a poem without words

The Church of Coltrane

St. John Coltrane African Orthodox Church in San Francisco, California

Performance Anxiety

-Cold hands, sweating, increased heart rate, dry mouth
-Can be medicated