Regulation and Abnormal Carbohydrate Metabolism

Flashcards created for review of carbohydrate metabolism regulation and associated disorders.

Factors regulating CHO metabolism include dietary source, energy stores, hormones, and __.

Organ systems

The stored form of glucose in liver and muscles is __.

Glycogen

Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level of __.

less than 70 mg/dl

Hyperglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels exceeding __.

180 mg/dl

Ketosis refers to a high concentration of __ in body fluids.

ketone bodies

In conditions of prolonged fasting, the hormone __ increases significantly.

glucagon

The primary energy reserve in the body is __.

Lipids

Insulin is secreted by the __ cells of the pancreas.

beta

The process of converting glucose to glycogen is known as __.

glycogenesis

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is termed __.

gluconeogenesis

Insulin promotes the uptake of __ by cells.

glucose

Glucagon functions to increase in the blood.

blood glucose levels

The main site of glucose metabolism is the __.

liver

Increased blood sugar can stimulate the release of __ from the pancreas.

insulin

During fasting, the body primarily relies on __ for energy.

fatty acids

Hypoglycemia can be caused by excess __ secretion.

insulin

Common clinical features of hypoglycemia include sweating, dizziness, and __.

confusion

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by chronic __.

hyperglycemia

The absence of glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in muscles means they cannot __ glucose.

export

Acidosis is a potential complication of severe __.

ketoacidosis

Elevated levels of glucose in the blood can lead to __ damage over time.

vascular

Growth hormone promotes protein __ and increases blood sugar.

anabolism

Glycogen storage diseases are usually inherited as __ traits.

autosomal recessive

Galactosemia is the inability to metabolize __ due to enzyme deficiencies.

galactose

The measurement of HbA1c is used to assess __ control over the past 3 months.

blood glucose

In type 1 diabetes, b cell destruction leads to __ deficiency.

insulin

Fat accumulation and insulin resistance are associated with __ diabetes.

type 2

Gestational diabetes occurs during __ due to increased hormonal changes.

pregnancy

The liver performs gluconeogenesis primarily from __ during fasting.

amino acids

The maximum renal threshold for glucose reabsorption is __ mg/dl.

180

Diabetic ketoacidosis is more common in __ diabetes.

type 1

The effect of cortisol during fasting contributes to __ maintenance.

blood glucose

Fatty acid oxidation primarily occurs in the __.

mitochondria

Certain medications like __ can cause hypoglycemia.

sulfonylureas

Ketone bodies are produced from the breakdown of __ during fasting.

fatty acids

During starvation, metabolism shifts to __ preservation.

protein

The liver accounts for about __ percent of total glucose production.

90

Increased thirst and hunger are common symptoms of __.

diabetes mellitus

Both insulin and glucagon have __ effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

antagonistic

The absence of the glucose transporter GLUT2 is associated with __ disease.

Fanconi-Bickel

Elevated bpm (beats per minute) and blurred vision can indicate __.

hypoglycemia

Conditions like pancreatitis can lead to __ diabetes.

secondary

Decreased activity of enymes like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause __.

hemolysis

Signs of untreated galactosemia include liver __ and growth problems.

enlargement

The clinical feature of polyuria is often linked to __ mellitus.

diabetes

Individuals with type 2 diabetes often experience __ weight.

excess

Insulin acts through a receptor that is a __ membrane glycoprotein.

integral

The primary metabolism of carbohydrates occurs through the __ cycle.

citric acid

The clinical indicator for alcohol-induced hypoglycemia is __ consumption.

excessive

The metabolic response to eating primarily involves the secretion of __.

insulin

An accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood can lead to __.

ketoacidosis

Glycogen is a __ of glucose stored in the liver and muscle tissues.

polysaccharide

The enzyme deficiencies in glycogen storage diseases often lead to __ of glycogen.

abnormalities

Impaired glucose tolerance is often a precursor to __.

diabetes mellitus

Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are types of __.

ketone bodies

NIDDM refers to non-insulin dependent __ mellitus.

diabetes

Chronic disease can influence blood glucose levels through the release of __ hormones.

anti-insulin

Hypoglycemia can provoke symptoms of sympathetic __ response.

nervous

Fasting for more than 24 hours prompts ketone body __.

production

Blood glucose levels revert to normal after successful __ therapy.

insulin

The liver converts excess glucose to __, which can later be converted back to glucose as needed.

glycogen

Acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein can increase during __ stress states.

catabolic

Muscle weakness and cramps can indicate glycogen storage __.

disease