bio study guide

prokaryotes

prokaryotes

only bacteria, all unicellular, no nucleus, reproduce by binary fission, small ribosomes

eukaryotes

EX: protists, plants, animals, fungi, has nucleus/nucleolus, reproduce by mitosis, large ribosomes

what do all cells have?

-ribosomes, cytoplasm, genetic material

animal cells

-no cell wall, irregular shape, small vacuoles, specializes in lysosomes(digestion), CENTRICOLES(reproduction)

what is this cell

animal cell

plant cell

-cell wall, fixed shape, ONE BIG vacuole, specialized in chloroplast(sunlight to energy)

what type of cell is this

plant

what is the endosymbiotic theory

old cells eating bacteria and turns into mitochondrial instead of digesting

function of nucleus?

-control cell, gives direction for production of proteins/contains DNA

function of nucleolus?

-creates ribosomes

function of cytoplasm?

-hold organelles in place, sit of many chemical reactions

function of cell membrane?

-controls what comes in and out of cell

function of cell wall?

-provides structural support, protection against infection and mechanical stress

function of chloroplast?

-site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

what type of cells is chlorplast in?

-plant cells only

function of lysososomes?

-digestive enzymes that breakdown worn out organelles

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

-makes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum? what does rough ER have?

-produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

-small ribsomes

function of mitochondria? what type of cells?

-makes energy, site of cellular respiration(ATP)

-eukaryotic cells

functions of vacuoles in both plant and animal?

plant- vacuoles help maintain water balance

animal-take in waste products and also get rid of waste products.

function of vesicles?

-enzyme storage, transportation

function of golgi apparatus?

-modifies/packages proteins into vesicles for transport

explain the steps of a protein exiting the cell indicating the different organelles involved?

1)Protein will travel through Rough ER to Golgi to be packaged

2)then will move through the cell to the cell membrane

3)vescile will fuse to the cell membrane for proteinsn to be released

what are molecules that pass easily through cell membrane?

-hydrophobic, 02, h20, co2(no charged molecueles)

what are molecules that do not pass easily

-hydrophillic molecules, charge lens like H+

the heads of phospholipids are_ and ___, where di they face outwards toward

-polar, hydrophillic, water

the tails of phospholipids are __ and , they face _____ toward each other

-non-polar, hydrophobic, face inward toward each other

what is this difference between mitosis and cytokineses?

-mitoisis is the diviosn of the nucleus while cytokineses is division of the cytoplsdm

what is the goal for mitosis? What are the results?

– division of nucleus of the cell, 2 genetically identical diploid cells

mitosis prophase?

-the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, then spindle fibers attach to centromeres

what is this stage of mitosis

prophase- centromeres moving to opposite sides

mitosis metaphase

-duplicated chromosomes line up randomly

in center of cell between spindle fibers

mitosis anaphase

-duplicated chromosomes pulled to opposite

ends of cell

what stage of mitosis is this

anaphase

mitosis telophase

-chromosomes at opposite sides of cell; chromosomes disperse, cytokinesis begins

what are somatic cells? somitatic has a ___ number of chromosomes

body cells:not reproductive

diploid

what are gamete cells, gamete has a ___ number of chromosomes

reporductive cells:egg and sperm

haploid

What are the results of meiosis?what is meiosis used for?

4 genetically different haploid cells

creation of sperm and egg for sexual reproduction

how many cell divisions occurs in meiosis?

two cell divisions

independent variable

-a manipulated variable in an experiment or study

dependent variable

-the observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the independent variable

what is the cell theory?

-  The cell is the basic unit of life.

-  All organisms are composed of cells

-  All cells come from pre-existing

cells.

what is facilitated diffusion?

-movement of substances across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with TRANSPORT PROTEINS

endocytosis?

-large particles are brought into the cell

exocytosis?

-larger partciles are brought out of the cell?

hypotonic?

water moves in; cell bursts

hypertonic?

water moves out; cell shrivels

cellular respiration? what cells carry out cellular respiration?

food molecules are converted to energy(ATP)

all eukaryotic cells

what is the equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY(ATP)

what are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Glucose:C6H12O6

Oxygen=O2

photosynthesis

plant cells capture energy from the Sun and convert it into food, then is converted into energy during cellular respiration

what is the equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY(fromsunlight)= C6H12O6 + 6O2

what are the reactants for photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

aerobic respiration?

-require oxygen, breakdown of glucose releases energy then made to ATP, takes place in almost all living things

anaerobic respiration?

-without oxygen, breakdown food substances with samll amounts of energy, known as fermentation

fermentation

– when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again

what are 3 things nucleotides are composed of?

-phospahte group, super, nitrogenous base

DNA

-never leaves the nucleus, double-stranded twisted helix

what are the nitrogoeus bases for DNA

-adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

explain DNA replication?

DNA unravels and each strand makes a new exact copy so that when mitosis takes place, each cell has the exact copy of DNA

RNA

-can leave the nucleus, single-stranded

what are the nitrogenous bases for RNA?

-adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

what are the three types of RNA

ribosomal – rRNA; messenger – mRNA; transfer – tRN

what is rRNA do?

forms ribosomes along with proteins.

what does mRNA do

-provides a template for gene coding during protein synthesis

what does tRNA do?

carries the amino acids to the ribosomes, which has to be added to the polypeptide chain

explain transcription?

-mRNA makes a copy of a segment of DNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the ER

explain translation?

-ribosmes reads mRNA codes and calles for a matching amino acid, amino acids then link to become a poly peptide chain, goes to the Golgi and gets wrapped up into a protein

asexual reproduction?

-a single parent produces one or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells

what is type of reproduction is this?

- mitosis (protists, arthropods, bacteria by binary fission, fungi, plants); produces large numbers of offspring, common in unicellular organisms, good for stable environment, quick process (low energy requirement), offspring are clones of parents (genetically identical)

asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction?

involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells; haploid sperm from father fertilizes haploid egg from mother to make a diploid zygote that develops into a multicellular organism through mitosis

homozygous alleles

-two alleles of a pair are identical (BB or bb)

heterozygous alleles

-two alleles of a pair are different (Bb); often called “hybrid”

law of dominance

-the dominant allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed

law of segregation

- gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed, each gamete has only one allele of each gene pair

law of independent assortment

-inheritance of one trait (ex. eye color) does not influence the inheritance of another trait (ex. hair color).

Incomplete Dominance

-neither allele is dominant, but combine to display a new trait (ex: red flower + white flower = pink flower)

Codominance

-phenotypes of both homozygous parents are produced in heterozygous offspring so that both alleles are equally expressed (ex:black chicken + white chicken = checkered chickens), (ex: sickle cell anemia)

what organelles does photosynthesis take place?

chloroplast

which types of organisms go through photosynthesis

-autotrophs(producer)

what must be taken IN during light depednt reactions

sunlight/water

what is released after the light independent reactions occur

-oxygen

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

-to create glucose (food)

When animal cells do not have enough oxygen to create ATP, what happens?

They go through lactic acid fermentation.

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

They are opposites of each other.

in anaerobic respiration what is the first step?

glycolysis-