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Bolsheviks
Under Vladimir Lenin seize power and set up communist governments
Bloody Sunday (1905)
Peaceful workers march to protest for better working conditions, wages, suffrage; tsar troops killed 1300
Tsar Nicholas II
Last reigning emperor of Russia, king of congress poland, grand duke of finland
Rasputin
Russian mystic and faith healer
Porfirio Diaz
Was Mexico's dictator, he allowed foreign investors (U.S) control over many of the countries resources
Profiriato
The period of Porfirio's presidency in mexico
Francisco Madero
Diaz jailed him because he was the other candidate for presidency
Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
The jailment of Madero, growing opposition to strong armed policies, accommodation to foreign powers, and opposition to land reform ignited the revolution. Also Madero escaped and set of revolutionary offices.
Pancho Villa
Sends Madero's troops to defeat Diaz's forces
Emiliano Zapata
Redistributes land to impoverished peasants
Constitution of Mexico (1917)
Focusing on land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education
The Great War (WWI) 1914-1918
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip (black hand). M.A.I.N.
M.A.I.N.
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Militarism
Mass produce weapons and larger armies, chemical weapons, tanks, planes, artillery, grenade, and machine guns
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US, Japan, and China
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, earlier Ottoman Empire and Italy
Self-Determination
People of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideas should be united and have the right to form an independent state
Reparations
Germany paid money for damages caused by the war
Conscription
Required enlistment into the armed forces
Trench Warfare
Opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other with "no mans land" in the middle
U-Boat
Submarines, often attacked ships carrying civilians including americans
Lusitania (1915)
Ocean liner carrying 100 U.S. citizens w/ other passengers
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
Germany sends to Mexico requesting they assist in fighting the U.S. and promising they will get back territory
Propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
Fourteen Points
League of nations, Self-determination of colonies
League of nations
All nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, U.S. didn't join
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Peace treaty w/ Germany, forced them to accept blame, pay reparations, give up colonies, and they had to restrict their military and navy
Weimar Republic
German state
The Great Depression
Severe Economic slump
Keynesian economics
Rejected laissez faire, in favor of government intervention
FDR
President of U.S. during the great depression
The new deal (3 R's)
Relief for citizens suffering, Recovery from the depression, Reform to change government policies
New economic plan
Private trade, allowed farmers to sell their product on a smaller scale
Joseph Stalin
Took control as dictator after Lenin died
Stalin's 5 year plan
Meant to transform USSR into an industrial power
Collectivization
Gives farmlands to collectives to manage by taking it from farms; forces government quotas
Totalitarianism
Government controlled all aspects
Benito Mussolini
Italy - Fascism, glorified militarism and brute force
Spanish Civil War
Struggle between forces of democracy and fascism
The mandate system
Colonies and territories of central powers would be taken by the allies
The Balfour Declaration
Palestine should become a permanent home for the jews of europe
Civil Disobediance
Encouraged indians to break unjust laws and serve jail time
The Salt March
Gandhi's first campaign, led indians to the arabian sea and picked a few grains of salt
Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister, appealed to people with fascism and communism
Battle of Britain
Britain withstood Germany air raids by the luftwaffe (german air force) hoping to weaken them so they could attack on land/water
Siege of Leningrad
Germany attacks USSR to create Lebensraum (living space for Germany) and eliminate Bolsheviks
Pearl Harbor Attack
Japan's attack on U.S. Naval base, thought it would keep U.S. out of the war and have them eliminate sanctions
Armenian Genocide
The Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
Influenza 1918
A virus that broke out in 1918. It is estimated that it killed more people than were actually lost throughout four years of fighting.
Ukrainian Famine
The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Nanking Massacre
Happened in the Chinese city of Nanking. The Japanese troops taking over killed 300,000 people in 6 weeks. Experts estimate that 20,000 women and girls were raped.
Firebombing
A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction