Chapter 10 - Respiration and Artificial Ventilation

Signs that indicate hypoxia

Cyanosis, bradycardia (usually seen in infants + children), abnormal changes in breathing, abnormal changes in chest movement

When should you deliver ventilations when bagging a patient who is conscious and breathing too quickly

Deliver ventilations at the same time as the patient is inhaling

If with a patient in respiratory distress, you can expect ____ without intervention

sleepiness and for the patient to be unarousable

Endotracheal Tube

An advanced airway device commonly used by paramedics that require visualization of the glottic opening

Dead air space is found in the ___ and ___

trachea, bronchi

Equation for minute volume

tidal volume X ventilation rate

Prolonged inspirations indicate…

An upper airway obstruction

A patient is respiratory distress is considered to be breathing ____

Adequately

If a patient will not tolerate the NRB, you should switch to…

A nasal cannula

Respiratory Failure

When compensation for increasing oxygen demand fails and the body’s metabolic needs are not met, hypoxia becomes profound, carbon dioxide builds to dangerous levels, and the muscles used for increased respiration being to tire.

Respiratory Distress

Increased work of breathing or a sensation of shortness of breath

The rate of artificial ventilations through a stoma is based on the patients ___

Age

Maximum flow setting for a NRB

15 LPM

An action done when ventilating a patient with a BVM who has a suspected spinal injury and would not be done otherwise

Not tilting the head or neck when bringing the jaw up to the mask

What to do if a problem is noticed with an ET tube?

Notify the paramedic immediately

A true statement of ALL oxygen cylinders available

The Oxygen used in emergency care is stored under pressure

A scenario in which Oxygen should never be used

Anywhere around open flames

Negative side effects of PPV

Decreased cardiac output, gastric distention, and hyperventilation

When an EMT should consider humidifying the oxygen for a patient

When the oxygen will be administered over a long period of time

A reason why adhesive tape should never be used on an oxygen tank

It could cause a fire

Optimum flow rate of oxygen delivered via a NRB

12 - 15 Liters a minute

Univeral color for medical-grade O² tanks

Green

First step of using a BVM on a patient with a stoma

clear any mucus or secretion from the stoma

Age a patient would likely benefit from a humidifier on an oxygen cylinder

7-year-old

( Inspiration / exhalation) ouccurs when the diaphram contracts

Exhalation

How a partial rebreather mask is different from a nonrebreather mask

lacks a one-way valve in the opening to the reservoir bag

How the reservoir bag on a nonrebreather mask should be during inhalation

the bag should not completely empty

Venturi mask

An oxygen delivery device that can provide specific oxygen concentrations; commonly used in COPD patients

Ventilation

the act of breathing in and out

The level of what chemical has the most significant impact on the regulation of breathing

Carbon Dioxide levels

During an asthma attack ___ and ___ are ___ from normal value assuming a fixed respiratory rate

Tidal volume; minute volume; decreased

Commonalities between pulmonary and cellular respiration

Blood and diffusion of O²

Cause of gastric distention during ventilation

Air being pushed through the esophagus

Approximate amount of Oxygen in a D cylinder

350 L

A way to prevent gastric distention

use an airway adjunct when ventilating

Why air enters the lungs during inhalation

Negative pressure is created inside the lungs

A person who is breathing too slowly will have…

A decreased minute volume

Mechanics of breathing would be disrupted in the event of a…

painful chest wall injury or sucking chest wound

A pressure regulator must be connected to an oxygen cylinder to provide a safe working pressure of:

30-70 psi

Alveolar ventilation

The amount of air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange

For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently, the ____ system must also be functioning

Cardiovascular

When a person inhales the diaphram:

contracts and the intercostal muscles contract

Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in __ and __

rate; volume

What happens to the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume has decreased assuming no change in the respiratory rate

Decreases

Calculation for alveolar ventilation

Dead airspace - tidal volume = X

Difference between adequate and inadequate breathing

The ability for the body to compensate for increasing oxygen demand

Under typical circumstances, skin may be pale and blue in…

Respiratory failure and respiratory arrest

Respiratory arrest

the patient is no longer breathing

Signs of inadequate breathing that require artificial ventilations are:

chest movements that are absent, minimal, or uneven

Stoma

A permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes

Hyperventilation is

carbon dioxide is blown off, vasoconstriction, and blood flow to brain becomes limited

Preferred method of artificial ventilation

Two rescuer BVM

If unable to ventilate effectively through a stoma, another option is to:

Consider sealing the stoma and attempt artificial ventilation through the mouth and nose

Properly utilized the nonrebreather mask can typically deliver __% O² concentrations

80-100%

Oxygen concentration of a venturi mask

24-60%

Approximate amount of oxygen in a G cylinder

5,300 L

Approximate amount of oxygen in a H cylinder

6,900 L

Approximate amount of oxygen in a M cylinder

3,000 L

Approximate amount of oxygen in a E cylinder

625 L

Number used when calculating the duration of flow for an M Cylinder

1.56

Type of flowmeter likely to be used in the field only in oxygen-powered devices

High-pressure