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Signs that indicate hypoxia
Cyanosis, bradycardia (usually seen in infants + children), abnormal changes in breathing, abnormal changes in chest movement
When should you deliver ventilations when bagging a patient who is conscious and breathing too quickly
Deliver ventilations at the same time as the patient is inhaling
If with a patient in respiratory distress, you can expect ____ without intervention
sleepiness and for the patient to be unarousable
Endotracheal Tube
An advanced airway device commonly used by paramedics that require visualization of the glottic opening
Dead air space is found in the ___ and ___
trachea, bronchi
Equation for minute volume
tidal volume X ventilation rate
Prolonged inspirations indicate…
An upper airway obstruction
A patient is respiratory distress is considered to be breathing ____
Adequately
If a patient will not tolerate the NRB, you should switch to…
A nasal cannula
Respiratory Failure
When compensation for increasing oxygen demand fails and the body’s metabolic needs are not met, hypoxia becomes profound, carbon dioxide builds to dangerous levels, and the muscles used for increased respiration being to tire.
Respiratory Distress
Increased work of breathing or a sensation of shortness of breath
The rate of artificial ventilations through a stoma is based on the patients ___
Age
Maximum flow setting for a NRB
15 LPM
An action done when ventilating a patient with a BVM who has a suspected spinal injury and would not be done otherwise
Not tilting the head or neck when bringing the jaw up to the mask
What to do if a problem is noticed with an ET tube?
Notify the paramedic immediately
A true statement of ALL oxygen cylinders available
The Oxygen used in emergency care is stored under pressure
A scenario in which Oxygen should never be used
Anywhere around open flames
Negative side effects of PPV
Decreased cardiac output, gastric distention, and hyperventilation
When an EMT should consider humidifying the oxygen for a patient
When the oxygen will be administered over a long period of time
A reason why adhesive tape should never be used on an oxygen tank
It could cause a fire
Optimum flow rate of oxygen delivered via a NRB
12 - 15 Liters a minute
Univeral color for medical-grade O² tanks
Green
First step of using a BVM on a patient with a stoma
clear any mucus or secretion from the stoma
Age a patient would likely benefit from a humidifier on an oxygen cylinder
7-year-old
( Inspiration / exhalation) ouccurs when the diaphram contracts
Exhalation
How a partial rebreather mask is different from a nonrebreather mask
lacks a one-way valve in the opening to the reservoir bag
How the reservoir bag on a nonrebreather mask should be during inhalation
the bag should not completely empty
Venturi mask
An oxygen delivery device that can provide specific oxygen concentrations; commonly used in COPD patients
Ventilation
the act of breathing in and out
The level of what chemical has the most significant impact on the regulation of breathing
Carbon Dioxide levels
During an asthma attack ___ and ___ are ___ from normal value assuming a fixed respiratory rate
Tidal volume; minute volume; decreased
Commonalities between pulmonary and cellular respiration
Blood and diffusion of O²
Cause of gastric distention during ventilation
Air being pushed through the esophagus
Approximate amount of Oxygen in a D cylinder
350 L
A way to prevent gastric distention
use an airway adjunct when ventilating
Why air enters the lungs during inhalation
Negative pressure is created inside the lungs
A person who is breathing too slowly will have…
A decreased minute volume
Mechanics of breathing would be disrupted in the event of a…
painful chest wall injury or sucking chest wound
A pressure regulator must be connected to an oxygen cylinder to provide a safe working pressure of:
30-70 psi
Alveolar ventilation
The amount of air that enters the alveoli for gas exchange
For pulmonary and cellular respiration to work efficiently, the ____ system must also be functioning
Cardiovascular
When a person inhales the diaphram:
contracts and the intercostal muscles contract
Alveolar ventilation can be altered through changes in __ and __
rate; volume
What happens to the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume has decreased assuming no change in the respiratory rate
Decreases
Calculation for alveolar ventilation
Dead airspace - tidal volume = X
Difference between adequate and inadequate breathing
The ability for the body to compensate for increasing oxygen demand
Under typical circumstances, skin may be pale and blue in…
Respiratory failure and respiratory arrest
Respiratory arrest
the patient is no longer breathing
Signs of inadequate breathing that require artificial ventilations are:
chest movements that are absent, minimal, or uneven
Stoma
A permanent surgical opening in the neck through which the patient breathes
Hyperventilation is
carbon dioxide is blown off, vasoconstriction, and blood flow to brain becomes limited
Preferred method of artificial ventilation
Two rescuer BVM
If unable to ventilate effectively through a stoma, another option is to:
Consider sealing the stoma and attempt artificial ventilation through the mouth and nose
Properly utilized the nonrebreather mask can typically deliver __% O² concentrations
80-100%
Oxygen concentration of a venturi mask
24-60%
Approximate amount of oxygen in a G cylinder
5,300 L
Approximate amount of oxygen in a H cylinder
6,900 L
Approximate amount of oxygen in a M cylinder
3,000 L
Approximate amount of oxygen in a E cylinder
625 L
Number used when calculating the duration of flow for an M Cylinder
1.56
Type of flowmeter likely to be used in the field only in oxygen-powered devices
High-pressure