Anatomy 32 Study Guide - Exam #2 Flashcards

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts from Anatomy 32, focusing on bones, skeletal tissues, joints, muscles, and their functions.

Axial Skeleton

The central core of the skeletal system, consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The limbs and their attachments, including the upper and lower limbs and the girdles.

Hyaline Cartilage

The most common type of cartilage, providing smooth surfaces for joint movement and found at the ends of long bones.

Elastic Cartilage

Flexible cartilage found in structures like the external ear and epiglottis, maintaining shape while allowing flexibility.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that acts as a shock absorber and resists compression, found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae.

Compact Bone

Dense, solid outer layer of bone providing strength and protection.

Spongy Bone

Porous inner bone that lightens weight and contains marrow for blood cell production.

Simple Fracture

A type of bone break where the skin remains intact.

Compound Fracture

A type of bone break where the bone breaks through the skin.

Cranial Bones

Bones that protect the brain; includes 8 main bones such as parietal and temporal.

Facial Bones

Bones that form the face; includes paired and unpaired bones such as maxillae and mandible.

Intervertebral Disc

A cartilaginous structure between vertebrae that acts as a shock absorber.

Scoliosis

A sideways curvature of the spine.

Kyphosis

An exaggerated upper back curve, also known as hunchback.

Lordosis

An excessive inward lower back curve.

Pectoral Girdle

The set of bones (clavicle and scapula) that connects the upper limbs to the trunk.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint, such as those found in skull sutures.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint, like the pubic symphysis.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint, such as synovial joints.

Actin and Myosin

The contractile proteins in muscle fibers that enable muscle contraction.

Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.

Sliding Filament Theory

The theory that explains muscle contraction as the sliding of actin filaments over myosin filaments.

Red Muscle Fibers

Slow-twitch fibers rich in myoglobin, suited for endurance activities.

White Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch fibers suited for rapid movements but fatigue easily.

Intercalated Discs

Specialized connections in cardiac muscle that allow synchronized contractions.

Peristalsis

Wavelike motions generated by smooth muscle in the walls of organs.

Prime Mover (Agonist)

The primary muscle responsible for a specific movement.

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

Synergist

A muscle that assists the prime mover.

Fixator

A muscle that stabilizes a joint or the origin of a muscle.

Muscle Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers within a muscle, arranged in different patterns such as parallel or circular.

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, typically resulting in joint pain.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon, causing pain and discomfort.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated and voluntary muscle attached to bones for movement.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated and involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs.