BIOL120 Lab Exam 4 Question Bank

IN EEG BRAIN WAVES THE UNIT OF AMPLITUDE IS

MICROVOLTS (µV) / 10 e-6 V

WHAT IS MEASURED BY THE "GROUND" ELECTRODE IN AN
EEG OBTAINED BY THE "BIPOLAR METHOD"?

THE BODY'S BASELINE VOLTAGE/VOLTAGE DUE TO
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITIES OTHER THAN THE BRAIN

DELTA WAVES, WHICH ARE OBSERVED DURING SLEEPING,
MAY INCREASE DURING

difficult mental activity/sleeping

EXPLAIN WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE BIOPAC EEG
EXERCISE?

DEMONSTRATE BRAIN ACTIVITY DURING RELAXED
(CLOSED EYES) AND ATTENTIVE (OPEN EYES) STATES

AN ________________ IS A RECORDING OF THE BRAIN'S
ACTIVITY OBTAINED BY USING ELECTRODES

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM / EEG

BETA WAVES ARE THE PROMINENT EEG WAVE PATTERNS
OF AN ADULT WHO IS _______ AND _______.

ALERT AND ATTENTIVE; REM sleep

THETA WAVES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY FREQUENCY
RHYTHMS THAT VARY BETWEEN ___ AND ____ HZ

4; 8 (Hz)

EXPLAIN WHAT IS MEASURED IN AN EEG OBTAINED BY
THE "BIPOLAR METHOD".

The difference in electrical potential between the two areas of the
brain above which the pair of electrodes is placed

DELTA WAVES ARE THE PROMINENT EEG WAVE
PATTERNS OF AN ADULT WHO IS _

SLEEPING / ENGAGED IN DIFFICULT MENTAL ACTIVITIES

THE DIFFERENT BRAIN WAVES RECORDED IN AN EEG ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR _______ AND _______

FREQUENCY; AMPLITUDE (hz / µV)

ALPHA WAVES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY FREQUENCY
RHYTHMS THAT VARY BETWEEN ___ AND ___ HZ

8; 13 (Hz)

WHAT CHANGES WOULD YOU DETECT IN AN EEG IF ONE
OF THE ELECTRODES WAS PLACED ABOVE AN AREA WITH
A BRAIN TUMOR?

INCREASED SLOWING ACTIVITY (DELTA & THETA) AND
DECREASED FAST ACTIVITY (ALPHA AND BETA)

THETA WAVES ARE THE PROMINENT EEG WAVE
PATTERNS OF AN ADULT DURING _

EMOTIONAL RESPONSES / SLEEPING

IN EEG BRAIN WAVES, THE UNIT OF FREQUENCY IS
__________ WHICH REPRESENTS ___________

HERTZ (hz); CYCLES / SEC

BETA WAVES DETECTED IN AN EEG ARE CHARACTERIZED BY FREQUENCY RHYTHMS THAT VARY BETWEEN ___ AND ___ HZ

13; 30 (hz)

________________ IS AN EEG IN WHICH BRAIN SIGNALS ARE
COLLECTED FROM THE SCALP AND ARE AMPLIFIED AND
FED INTO A COMPUTER.

Digital EEG

A _________________ IS TAKEN AS CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF
DEATH

FLAT EEG / NO EEG signal

NAME ONE DIAGNOSTIC USE OF THE EEG

LOCALIZE BRAIN LESIONS / EPILEPTIC FOCI / INFECTIONS /
ABSCESSES / TUMORS

_____________ ARE RAPID, PREDICTABLE, INVOLUNTARY MOTOR RESPONSES TO STIMULI

reflexes

Name an autonomic reflex observed in lab

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX / CONSENSUAL REFLEX

NAME THE REFLEX WHICH OCCURS WHEN YOU SHINE A
BRIGHT LIGHT INTO A SUBJECT'S EYE

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX

DEFINE: IPSILATERAL RESPONSE

IPSILATERAL RESPONSE- REFLEX OCCURS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE BODY THAT WAS STIMULATED

NAME THE REFLEX WHICH OCCURS IF YOU SUDDENLY
PRICK A SUBJECT'S FINGER

CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX/ FLEXOR REFLEX

________________ IS A CONSENSUAL RESPONSE / REFLEX
OBSERVED ON ONE SIDE OF BODY WHEN OTHER SIDE HAS
BEEN STIMULATED

CONTRALATERAL RESPONSE

_________________ IS THE ABNORMAL (when seen in adults)
FLARING OF TOES AND MOVEMENT OF THE BIG TOE IN AN
UPWARD DIRECTION DURING PLANTAR REFLEX TESTING

BABINSKI SIGN

WHAT IS THE NORMAL REACTION DURING THE PATELLAR/
KNEE-JERK REFLEX

Patellar reflex / KNEE JERK REFLEX- Knee Extension / contraction
of quadriceps muscles (vastus-all, biceps femoris)

NAME ONE SUPERFICIAL CORD REFLEX

Abdominal Reflex / Cremaster Reflex / Plantar Reflex

WHAT IS THE NORMAL REACTION DURING THE CROSS
EXTENSOR REFLEX?

Crossed Extensor Reflex- Ipsilateral contraction of Agonist/ prime mover stimulated and contralateral contraction of the antagonist

NAME ONE IPSILATERAL RESPONSE REFLEX SEEN IN LAB

Ipsilateral Response- Pupillary / Patellar / Achilles / Ciliospinal
Reflex

WHAT IS THE NORMAL REACTION DURING THE PLANTAR
REFLEX TEST IN ADULTS?

Plantar Reflex- Curling of the toes (NOT flaring of the toes and
moving the big toe upward)

Name one contralateral response reflex seen in lab

Contralateral Response- Crossed Extensor reflex

WHAT IS THE NORMAL REACTION DURING THE SALIVARY
REFLEX TEST?

Salivary Reflex- Production of saliva

Name a somatic reflex observed in lab

Patellar reflex/ knee jerk reflex/ achilles reflex/ ankle-jerk reflex/ cross extension/gag reflex

THE INHIBITION OF THE ANTAGONIST OF A STRETCHED MUSCLE DURING A STRECTH REFLEX ARC TEST IS CALLED

reciprocal inhibition

WHAT IS THE NORMAL REACTION DURING THE ACHILLES
REFLEX / ANKLE-JERK REFLEX

Achilles / Ankle-jerk Reflex- Plantar flexion of foot

Name one of the reflexes that were tested in lab using the pen light?

Pen light- Pupillary light reflex

Distorted, exaggerated or absent reflex responses may indicate what?

REFEXES AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS- Degeneration or pathology of
the nervous system

NERVES THAT CARRY BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR
FIBERS ARE CALLED _______________ .

MIXED NERVES

______________ ARE AXONAL BRANCHES OF A NEURON

collaterals

_____________ IS PERMANENT FLACCID PARALYSIS OF BOTH LEGS DUE TO TRANSECTION OR SEVERE TRAUMA TO THE SPINAL CORD

paraplegia

NAME THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH IN WHICH EACH
NERVE CELL FIBER IS WRAPPED

endoneurium

NAME THE COARSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN WHICH GROUPS OF NERVE FIBERS (FASCICLES) ARE WRAPPED

perineurium

THE AXONS OF NERVES ARE WRAPPED IN BUNDLES CALLED ___________ .

Fascicles

NAME THE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPPING OF GROUPS OF FASCICLES / NERVES

epineurium

NAME ONE PNS NEUROGLIA / GLIAL CELL

PNS Neuroglia / Glial Cells- Satellite Cells/ Schwann Cells

NAME ONE CNS NEUROGLIA / GLIAL CELL

CNS Neuroglia / Glial Cells- Astrocytes / Oligodendrocytes /
Microglia

______________ PLAY A ROLE IN CAPILLARY- NEURON
EXCHANGES, AND CONTROL THE CHEMICAL
ENVIRONMENT AROUND NEURONS

astrocytes

_______________ MYELINATE THE CYTOPLASMIC
EXTENSIONS OF NEURONS IN THE CNS

oligodendrocytes

_____________ ARE PHAGOCYTIC NEUROGLIA

microglia

_____________ MYELINATE THE CYTOPLASMIC
EXTENSIONS OF NEURONS IN THE PNS

Schwann cells

_______________ CELLS LINE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID-FILLED CAVITIES

ependymal cells

WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT?

Astrocytes

A TYPICAL NEURON IS COMPRISED OF ______________,
WHICH CARRY IMPULSES EITHER TOWARD OR AWAY
FROM ITS OTHER MAJOR AREA, THE ______________.

Processes; Cell Body

___________ are the basic functional units of the Nervous System

neurons

THE PART OF THE NEURON RESPONSIBLE FOR
INTEGRATING INCOMING SIGNALS, AND HOUSING THE
NUCLEUS IS CALLED THE _____________

Cell Body

NEURON CELL BODIES FOUND IN CLUSTERS IN THE CNS ARE CALLED ____

Nuclei

Collections of neuron cell bodies found in the PNS are called ________.

ganglia

NEURON FIBERS RUNNING THROUGH THE CNS FORM

Tracts

NEURON FIBERS RUNNING THROUGH THE PNS FORM
_______________

nerves

THE CYTOPLASM OF THE NEURON IS CALLED

Neuroplasm

____________ are the cytoskeletal elements of the neuron.

neurofibrils

WHAT TYPE OF ORGANELLES ARE NISSL BODIES?

Nissl (chromatophilic) Bodies- ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Dendrites are ______________., They bear receptors for Neurotransmitters released by other neurons.

Dendrites- Receptive Regions

GIVE ANOTHER NAME FOR AXONS

Axons- Nerve Fiber / process

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF AXONS?

Axons- Generate and conduct Nerve impulses

THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT PRODUCED TRAVELS ACROSS
THE CELL BODY, AND IF IT IS GREAT ENOUGH, IT ELICITS
REGENERATIVE ELECTRICAL SIGNAL CALLED AN
____________ OR _______________, THAT TRAVELS DOWN
THE AXON (GIVE EITHER)

Impulse / Action Potential (ONLY ONE NEEDED)

THE AXON OF MOTOR NEURONS BEGINS JUST DISTAL TO A
SLIGHTLY ENLARGED CELL BODY STRUCTURE CALLED
THE _________________ .

axon hillock

THE POINT AT WHICH THE AXON HILLOCK NARROWS TO AXON DIAMETER IS REFERRED TO AS THE

initial segment

THE AXON ENDS IN MANY SMALL STRUCTURES CALLED _______________, OR ____________, WHICH FORM SYNAPSES OR JUNCTIONS WITH NEUROINS OR EFFECTOR CELLS (GIVE EITHER)

Axon Terminals / Synaptic Knobs (ONLY ONE NEEDED)

The axon ends in many small structures called axon terminals, or synaptic knobs, which form ___________ or junctions with neurons or effector cells.

Synapses

EACH AXON TERMINAL IS SEPERATED FROM THE CELL
BODY OR DENDRITES OF THE NEXT POSTSYNAPTIC
NEURON BY A TINY GAP CALLED THE
_

synaptic cleft

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

neurotransmitters

NEUROTRANSMITTER DIFFUSES ACROSS THE SYNAPTIC
CLEFT TO BIND TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS ON THE NEXT
NEURON, INITIATING AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT OR

Synaptic Potential

MOST LONG NERVE FIBERS ARE COVERED WITH A FATTY
MATERIAL CALLED ____________, AND SUCH FIBERS ARE
REFERRED TO AS MYELINATED FIBERS

Myelin

MOST LONG NERVE FIBERS ARE COVERED WITH A FATTY MATERIAL CALLED MYELIN, AND SUCH FIBERS ARE REFERRED TO AS ______

Myelinated Fibers

THE GAPS OR INDENTATIONS OF THE MYELIN SHEATH ARE CALLED _

Nodes of Ranvier

IN __________, ONE VERY SHORT PROCESS EXTENDS FROM
THE CELL BODY AND THEN DIVIDES

Unipolar Neurons

IN UNIPOLAR NEURONS ONE VERY SHORT PROCESS,
WHICH DIVIDES INTO ______________ AND _____________,
EXTENDS FROM THE CELL BODY (GIVE EITHER)

Peripheral and Central Processes (ONLY ONE NEEDED)

__________ HAVE TWO PROCESSES ATTACHED TO THE
CELL BODY

Bipolar Neurons

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF WHERE A BIPOLAR NEURON MAY
BE FOUND

Bipolar Neurons- Receptor apparatus of the Eye/ Ear/ Olfactory
Mucosa

MANY PROCESSES ISSUE FROM THE CELL BODY OF

multipolar neurons

NEURONS CARRYING IMPULSES FROM SENSORY
RECEPTORS IN THE INTERNAL ORGANS, SKIN, SKELETAL
MUSCLES, JOINTS OR SPECIAL SENSORY ORGANS ARE
TERMED ______________ .

Sensory Neurons / Afferent Neurons

NEURONS CARRYING IMPULSES FORM THE CNS TO THE
VISCERA AND/ OR BODY MUSCLES AND GLANDS ARE
TERMED

Efferent Neuron / Motor Neuron

___________________ ARE SITUATED BETWEEN AND
CONTRIBUTE TO PATHWAYS THAT CONNECT SENSORY
AND MOTOR NEURONS, THEIR CELL BODIES ARE FOUND
IN THE CNS, AND THEY ARE MULTIPOLAR

interneuron (association neuron)

NERVES THAT CARRY SENSORY FIBERS ARE CALLED

Sensory Nerves/ Afferent Nerves

THE VENTRAL ROOTS OF THE SPINAL CORD, WHICH
CARRY ONLY MOTOR FIBERS CAN BE CONSIDERED

Motor Nerves/ Efferent Nerves

A ___________ IS FASCICLES OF NEURONAL PROCESSES
BOUND TOGETHER BY EPINEURIUM, CONTAINING BLOOD
VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

NERVE

___________ IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE MENINGES

MENINGITIS

WHAT LIFE-THREATENING DISORDER OF THE BRAIN MAY OCCUR AS A RESULT OF MENINGITIS SPREADING TO THE BRAIN?

encephalitis

GIVE THE SPECIFIC AREA OF THE CNS THAT MOTOR
NEURON CELL BODIES ARE FOUND

Motor Neuron Cell Bodies- Nuclei

______________ , ALSO KNOWN AS WATER ON THE BRAIN,
OCCURS BECAUSE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RETENTION
IN INFANTS

hydrocephalus

THE ________________ PRIMARILY INTERPRETS INCOMING
SENSORY INFORMATION AND ISSUES INSTRUCTIONS
BASED ON THAT INFORMATION AND ON PAST
EXPERIENCE

Central Nervous System (CNS)

THE _____________________ SERVES AS
COMMUNICATIONS LINES THAT CARRY IMPULSES FORM
THE SENSORY RECPTORS TO THE CNS AND FROM THE CNS
TO THE APPROPRIATE GLANDS, MUSCLES, OR OTHER
EFFECTOR ORGAN

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

NAME ONE OF THE TWO MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PNS

Sensory Portion / Motor Portion (ONLY ONE NEEDED)

The ___________, a subdivision of the PNS, consists of nerve fibers that conduct impulses towards the CNS.

Sensory Portion

THE ______________, A SUBDIVISION OF THE PNS, CONSISTS
OF NERVE FIBERS THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES AWAY THE
CNS

Motor Portion

NAME ONE OF THE TWO DIVIONS OF THE MOTOR BRANCH OF THE PNS

Somatic Division / Voluntary System OR Autonomic Nervous System / Involuntary Nervous System (ANS) (ONLY ONE NEEDED)

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) IS OFTEN
REFERRED TO AS THE

Involuntary Nervous System

DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF ALL
VERTEBRATES, THE CNS FIRST MAKES ITS APPEARANCE
AS A SIMPLE TUBE-LIKE STRUCTURE, THE

Neural Tube

NAME ONE OF THE THREE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL
REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

Forebrain (PROSENCEPHALON)/ Midbrain (MESENCEPHALON)/
Hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON)