Post-Midterms

Persona

a “mask” worn by an actor to portray a character

Personality

sum total of an individual's characteristics which make that person unique

Personality is an individual's unique psychological makeup

True

What are the levels of Hollander’s Personality model

• psychological core

• typical responses

• role-related behaviour

The levels of Hollander’s Personality model are connected

True

The levels of Hollander’s Personality model are influenced by the social environment

True

What are the dimensions of Hollander’s Personality model

• internal

• external

What level of Hollander’s personality model is in the internal dimension

psychological core

What level of Hollander’s personality model is in the external dimension

• typical responses

• role-related behaviour

The internal dimensions of Hollander’s personality model is dynamic

False, constant

The external dimensions of Hollander’s personality model is constant

False, dynamic

Psychological Core dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

• core concept of self

• real you

Attitudes, values, and self concept are examples of the typical responses dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

False, psychological core

Typical Responses dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

• learned modes of adjustments

• how individuals are likely to respond

how you respond to humour, anxieties, and frustrations are examples of the typical responses dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

True

Role-Related Behaviour dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

behaviour based on perception of a social position in which we are placed

roles like parent, student, and coach are examples of the psychological core dimension of Hollander’s Personality Model

False, role-related behaviour

Typical responses and role-related behaviours reflect your psychological core

True

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

• Personality is driven by unconscious forces in our brain 

• How these forces resolve is who we become

What are the main concepts of Freud’s psychodynamic theory

• Id: pleasure principle (things you like/want)

• Ego: reality principle (keeps Id in check) 

• Superego: moral principle (should/should not do - referee between id and ego)

Sheldon’s Constitutional Theory

• Body type predisposes individuals toward behaviours 

• Who you become (personality wise) is a function of your somatotype

What are the different somatotypes and what personality traits do they have

• Endomorphic (Viscerotonic): happy, outgoing, loves food

• Mesomorph (Somatotonic): assertive, bold, risk-taking

• Ectomorph (Cerebrotonic): studious, tense, introverted 

Which personality theory is historically the strongest

Trait psychology

trait psychology

personality traits are determined by your typical responses

Trait

relatively stable characteristic that may represent a portion of one’s personality 

Personality traits are innate, meaning we are born with them

True

Personality traits follow a normal distribution

True

Personality traits contribute to stability in behaviour

True

Digman’s Big Five Model of Personality Traits

• Openness to experience: curiosity, prefers novelty/variety

• Conscientiousness: disciplined, organized, achievement-oriented 

• Extraversion: tendency to be outgoing 

• Agreeableness: cooperative, sympathetic to others 

• Neuroticism: tendency to be tense, anxious

The Big Five Model is used extensively in sport and exercise settings

True

Based on the Big Five Model, increased PA in adolescents shows which trait

conscientious

Situationism

• Behaviour varies as the situation does 

• The situation you are in will dictate what you do/how you express yourself 

• Actual behaviour and the environmental conditions in situations is what influence personality 

Interactionism

• Interaction between person (traits) and environment (situation)

• Both traits and situation determine personality

Interactionism explains personality 2x as much as trait or situational theories

True

What are the two approaches to measuring personality

• nomothetic

• idiographic

Nomothetic

break someone down into individual attributes/disposition (traits)

Idiographic

emphasis on integration of personality (look at whole person)

What are two methods of measuring personality idiographically

• life history method

• interview method

Life History method of measuring personality

story about the main facts of person’s life

Interview method of measuring personality

asking a series of questions about the person

What are two methods of measuring personality nomothetically

• psychological inventory method

• direct observation

Psychological Inventory method of measuring personality

• objective (structured) method like the SCAT

• projective (unstructured) method like the TAT

Direct observation method of measuring personality

inferring disposition from observation

Objective psychological inventory is the most used method for measuring personality and has high validity

False, low validity

What are the two big questions regarding personality and sport

• Description: Do different groups have different personality profiles? 

• Prediction: Are particular personality dimensions associated with success? 

Profile of Mood States (POMS)

• developed to assess moods

• six discrete affective states (5 negative, 1 positive 

Iceberg Profile

elite athletes scored highest in only vigour on POMS (the only positive trait)

There is little subsequent support for the iceberg profile

True

How much does mood account for performance

less than 1%

High risk athletes have increased extraversion

True

High risk athletes have increased neuroticism

False, decreased

Competitiveness

desire to engage/strive for success in sport

Elite Canadian athletes showed increased levels of competitiveness

True

Perfectionism

personality traits of unrealistically high standards, inappropriate expectation levels, and high self-criticism 

Perfectionism could be due to social pressures

True

What are the two types of perfectionism

• perfectionistic strivings

• perfectionistic concerns

Perfectionistic Strivings

setting high performance standards, but not being upset when they are not met

Perfectionistic Concerns

• setting high performance standards and being upset when they are not met

• concerns over making mistakes and negative evaluation by others

Perfectionistic strivings are more task oriented

True

Perfectionistic concerns are more task oriented

False, ego oriented

Perfectionistic strivings have better sport performance

True

Perfectionistic strivings have a strong relationship with burnout

False, no relationship

Perfectionistic concerns have increased doping

True

Perfectionistic concerns have decreased burnout

False, increased

Multidimensional perfectionism

high strivings and low concerns = increased sport performance/dedication

A recent prediction is that 45% of performance could be accounted for by personality 

False, early prediction

Athletic Motivation Inventory (AMI)

• 11 traits such as drive, aggressiveness, and determination 

• Based on how you score on these 11 traits, they are able to predict how successful you will be 

Problems with AMI

• Use of trait approach  

• Research findings never published

• Fails to reference any other personality research

• Clinical assessment without actually seeing the individual 

• Gives coaches psychological tools that they’re not trained to use 

What are the main trait-based PA research topics

• Negative affect (trait anxiety)

• Self-confidence (self-efficacy)

• Perfectionism

• Competitiveness 

• Self-conscientious (SPA)

There is strong evidence for a distinct elite athlete personality 

False, no strong evidence

There is little consistent evidence that personality characteristics lead to sport success 

True

There is some emerging evidence that successful athletes are more agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable 

True

What are 4 things to consider to move forward in personality research

• Interactionism

• Move beyond Big 5

• Dark Triad

• Move beyond sport performance

Cohesion

A dynamic process for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its instrumental objectives or because of satisfaction of member affective needs

If a group is together they are cohesive

True

The reasons you want to be in a group are one dimensional

False, multidimensional

Four Characteristics of Cohesion

• dynamic

• factors that hold group together are varied/numerous

• instrumental

• affective reasons

How is cohesion dynamic

can change overtime and develop in different ways

How are the factors that hold groups together varied and numerous

the things about the grip that are important to you/why you ant to stay in the group change overtime and are different for each individual

Explain how cohesion is instrumental

• all groups form for a reason

• every group has a purpose

Affective reasons of cohesion

• strong emotional ties among group members

• every group has a “feel good” factor

If you’re in group for different purpose than everyone else, you probably won’t stay 

True

Conceptual Model of Cohesion

• Individual attractions to group

  • social

  • task

• Group integration

  • social

  • task

Joining a new group is usually ATG reasons initially

True

Joining a new group is usually social reasons initially

False, social

Individual Attractions to Group of conceptual model of cohesion

personal reasons to be in group

This statement is an example of what dimension on the conceptual model of cohesion: I like that I have a role on this team

ATG task

This statement is an example of what dimension on the conceptual model of cohesion: I like that we party after every game

ATG social

This statement is an example of what dimension on the conceptual model of cohesion: we party together

GI social

This statement is an example of what dimension on the conceptual model of cohesion: we come together when things get hard

GI task

Group Integration of conceptual model of cohesion

seeing group as a collective

What are the four correlates of cohesion

• environment

• personal

• leadership

• team

Relationship between group size and cohesion

decreased group size = increased task and social cohesion

Relationship between physical proximity and cohesion

closer together = increased cohesion

Relationship between attendance and ATG-T in structured PA groups

increased ATG-T = increased attendance

Relationship between dropout behaviour and ATG-T in structured PA groups

increased ATG-T = decreased dropout behaviour

Relationship between lateness and ATG-T in structured PA groups

increased ATG-T = decreased lateness

Regular attendees of university classes had increased task cohesion

True

Members of private fitness clubs had decreased social cohesion

False, increased

ATG was more prevalent than GI in unstructured PA settings

False, GI task more