Chapter 22 - study guide

estates

three orders (classes) of french society - represents the classes

• clergy - 1st class

• nobility - 2nd class

• bourgeoisie - (merchants/middle class) and peasants - 3rd class

taille

france's main tax (not paid by 1st and 2nd estates)

bourgeoisie

Frances middle class (of the third estate) 

sans-culottes

radical members of paris’s commune who wore long pants as a sign of protest (wanted to stand out)

bastille

an old fortress in Paris used as a prison and armory (attacked by Parisians and destroyed) 

estates general

France’s Parliament

first estate

highest class in french society - clergy (people who worked for the church - connection to salvation)

second estate

2nd highest class in french society - nobles (aristocrats) - held the most power 

third estate

lowest class in french society - mostly peasants and middle class, very little voice if any 

national assembly

the name the third estate called their new government that balanced powers - wanted to be hear and equality

Louis XVI

king of france leading up to the french revolution - pressure led him to call the estates general

marie antoinette

wife of Louis XVI (queen of france)

declaration of the rights of man and the citizens

charter of basic liberties which used ideas from the english Bill of Rights, the American Declaration of the U.S. constitution - reflected enlightenment ideas

parisians

people from Paris

domestic

relating to or originating in one's country

electors

qualified voters

coup d’état

sudden overthrow of the government - government leader is removed from power

guillotine

machine used in france for executions

reign of terror

government policies set by the committee of public safety and led by Robespierre that aimed to prosecute counter revolutionaries (against people in the third estate that wanted change) and traitors

directory

committee of 5 executions chosen by the council of elders to run the new government of france after the reign of terror and the death of Robespierre

girondins

political club (party) whose members were made up of mostly French people living outside of Paris

the mountain

radical political club (party) active in Paris

jacobins

radical political club (party) in Paris which included many members of the mountain

georges danton

leader of the radical Paris government, the Commune, who put pressure on the National Assembly to make radical changes to the government

maximilien robespierre

leader of the committee of public safety who helped adopt and promote a government practice known as the Reign of Terror

consulate

government established in france after the overthrow of the directory - napoleon was the first consul in control of the entire government

liberal

broad minded, associated with ideals of the individual - economic freedom, greater participation in government

nationalism

unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols 

continental system

french system of economic rule created by napoleon designed to stop british goods from reaching european continent - idea wast to defeat britain by weakening it economically 

civil code (Napoleonic code)

7 law codes created by napoleon to codify french law from the 300 law codes that had been in place before the revolution

dependent states

states located next to france that were controlled by relatives of napoleon and fought for france - willing to help

allied states

states conquered by france and ordered to fight for france (prussia, austria, russia, and sweden) - forced to be allies

napoleon bonaparte

military general who worked his way up the ranks and eventually took control of france and declared himself emperor - eventually was defeated and sent into exile

conservatism

political philosophy based on tradition and social stability favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

principle of intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

liberalism

a political philosophy originally based largely on enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties should be protected (basic right of all people)

civil

involving the general public or civic affairs - anything for the people

constitution

basic principles and laws of a nation - determines powers of government and protects rights of people

congress of vienna

meeting of european rulers after the defeat of napoleon who sought to balance the powers of european countries by realigning territories and eliminating some of the ideas of revolutionary france

Louis XVII

brother to Louis XVI who became monarch of France after Napoleon's defeat

duke of wellington

leader of a combined British and Prussian army who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

prince klemens von metternich

Austrian foreign minister who led the charge at the congress of Vienna to restore previous monarch family lines to power in their perspective territories