Nutrition Final ICC

Which carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity?

Beta-carotene

What is the main role of vitamin K in the body?

Blood clotting

Progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency is called ________.

xerophthalmia

Peak bone mass is developed by age ________.

30

Much of the vitamin E in the diet comes from ________.

vegetable oils

Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ________.

osteocalcin

The RDA for vitamin A is ________ μg RAE/day for women and ________ μg RAE/day for men.

700, 900

Diseases affecting the liver or the ________ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency.

kidneys

Which of the following statements about vitamin D's role in the body is FALSE?

Evidence shows supplementation has health benefits beyond correcting deficiencies.

How does vitamin A affect bone health?

It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.

What is the alcohol form of vitamin A?

Retinol

Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A?

It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles.

Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body?

Alpha-tocopherol

Which of the following vitamins may reduce the risk of heart disease by slowing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?

E

Vitamin E functions primarily as ________.

an antioxidant

An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience a softening of the bones, which is called ________.

osteomalacia

The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________.

eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes about ________ children to go blind each year.

500,000

What is another name for vitamin D3?

Cholecalciferol

Of the following, which is rapidly corrected when treated with vitamin A supplements?

Night blindness

What U.S. population group is at highest risk for vitamin D deficiency?

Elderly

With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from ________.

cholesterol

What is prothrombin?

An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

K

What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods?

50

Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition?

Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown

Where is 99% of the body's calcium located?

Bones and teeth

What term describes water that resides between cells?

Interstitial fluid

Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water?

Carbonated water

Dietary calcium deficiencies result in ________.

osteoporotic bones

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

Muscle weakness

What is the principal extracellular cation?

Sodium

What organ retains or releases body fluids, thereby regulating blood volume and blood pressure?

Kidneys

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ______.

bones

What is the principal intracellular cation?

Potassium

Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________.

calcium tetany.

What does chloride do in the body?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

Which of the following is true of molybdenum?

Average daily intakes fall within the suggested range of intakes.

About what percentage of iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet?

10

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?

Chicken

What other nutrient deficiency is common among people with iodine deficiency?

Iron

Which of these groups has higher needs for iron than the general population?

Pregnant women

Which of these groups is vulnerable to iron overload?

Alcoholics

What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage?

Serum ferritin

What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy?

Cretinism

With which of these nutrients does selenium work in tandem?

Vitamin E

What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status?

Hemoglobin and hematocrit

What is the name of the hormone that regulates iron balance in the body?

Hepcidin

Chromium deficiency is characterized by

hyperglycemia.

What is pica?

The craving and consumption of nonfood substances

Ready-to-eat-or-drink supplements can be ideal when

the athlete can't eat solid food due to a nervous stomach.

________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance.

Sports anemia

Which of the following is not usually a factor that puts an athlete at higher risk for developing iron-deficiency anemia?

Drinking orange juice when consuming iron-rich foods

Two cups of a typical sports drink have approximately ____ calories.

100-200

All of the following are benefits associated with resistance training except

decreased muscle endurance

According to ACSM guidelines, resistance or strength exercise should be incorporated on _______ per week.

2 to 3 nonconsecutive days

The body's need for _____ surpasses the need for any other nutrient

water

________ refers to an increase to the size and strength of muscles in response to use.

Muscle hypertrophy

What is an easy way to quickly estimate water loss and fluid needs following physical activity?

Take the difference in body weight (lbs) before and after the event and multiply by 2 to determine cups of water loss

Which individual does not have any of the coronary risk factors that may indicate the need for a medical examination before starting a fitness program?

a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28

All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except

it inhibits glycogen breakdown.

A diet composed of _________ can typically provide adequate energy and nutrients for an athlete.

nutrient-dense foods

______ is usually the best choice for physically active people who need to replace lost fluids.

Cool water

All of the following are situation where a sports beverage may be a better choice over water except

the athlete is trying to avoid taking in excess calories.

Consuming a sports beverage to obtain carbohydrates is recommended _______.

during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than 1 hour

_______ can occur when an athlete involved in a prolonged activity lose electrolytes through sweating and rehydrate with only water.

Hyponatremia

Which of the following is a correct statement about athletes and hydration?

Untrained or beginner athletes lose greater amounts of electrolytes.

Demetrius weighs 170 pounds at the start of his workout, but weighs 167 pounds after his competition. How much fluid does he need to consume?

6 cups

Activities lasting longer than 20 minutes will gradually start using more ______ for fuel and less ______.

fat; glucose

The best way to stay adequately hydrated and prevent hydration in an active individual is to

hydrate before, during, and after activity.

An individual is at risk of collapsing if ____percent of body weight is due to water loss.

7

Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia.

sodium

To improve cardiorespiratory endurance, activities that use most of the large-muscle groups of the body and elevate heart rate should be sustained for at least _____.

20 minutes

Dehydration greater than ____ of body weight can impair physical performance.

2 percent

Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition?

They are useless for improving performance.

Some diuretics can lead to a deficiency of what nutrient?

Potassium

What risk factor do cancers of the esophagus, breast, colon, and larynx share?

Alcoholic drinks

Where does diabetes rank among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States?

No. 7

A stroke is _____.

a cerebrovascular accident

What is the role of omega-3 fatty acids in immune function?

Help resolve inflammation when it is no longer needed for the immune response

What is a desirable blood level for triglycerides?

<150 mg/dL

What is a difference in the incidence of coronary heart disease between men and women?

Men's risk for coronary heart disease goes up significantly at age 45; women's at age 55 to 60.

Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for heart disease?

Low blood pressure

About what percentage of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1?

5 to 10

The first step in carbohydrate counting is to _____.

determine an appropriate carbohydrate allowance

Which of the following groups is at higher risk for type 2 diabetes?

Native Americans

The most dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes over the past two decades has involved _____.

Children and adolescents

Peripheral resistance is the resistance blood encounters in the

arterioles.

Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable?

Spinach

One difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that in type 1 diabetes _____,

insulin therapy always required because pancreas does not make insulin

The type of disease that is characterized by arterial plaque and that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease is _____.

atherosclerosis

Which of the following is true of cancer?

There are many cancers, and they have different characteristics.

C-reactive protein is a marker for _____.

future risk for heart attack or stroke

About what percentage of people with hypertension are overweight or obese?

70

Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes _____.

is much more likely to be associated with obesity

Compared to the typical American diet, what is one nutrient that the DASH eating pattern provides more of?

Calcium

Which of the following is not a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Diets high in added sugars (beverages)

Which of the following measurements puts a person at high risk for coronary heart disease?

Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher

Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension?

Low calcium intake

With which of these factors is high blood triglycerides known to be associated?

Type 2 diabetes