Transport Across the Cell Membrane

what uses light sensitive ion channels to control neuronal activity

optogenetics

what allows light-induced depolarization

ChR2

What enables light-driven hyperpolarization

NpHR

what is glucose uptake mediated by

facilitated diffusion and active transport

what do GLUT transporters allows

passive glucose entry based on concentration gradients

MDR transporters

pump out chemotherapy drugs

ABC transporters

mediate drug resistance

H+ ATPases

acidify lysosomes and endosomes

Na+/H+ exchangers

balance intracellular pH under stress conditions

carbonic anhydrase

facilitates CO2 conversion for pH homeostasis

what ion channels coordinate heart rhythms

Na+, K+, Ca2+

sinoatrial node

generates pacemaker action potentials

reuptake transporters

remove neurotransmitters from synapse

glial cells

assist in neurotransmitters clearance

excitatory neurotransmitters

activate Na+ channels

inhibitory neurotransmitters

activate Cl- channels

mechanically gated channels

respond to physical forces

Piezo channels

regulate mechanosensation in blood pressure control

Inner ear hair cells

use mechanosensation to detect sound waves

nociceptors

use ion channels to detect painful stimuli

TRP channels

detect heat, cold, and chemical pain signals