sample exam definitions

Androgynous

term describing one who incorporates both masculine and feminine qualities

internal validity

does the IV predict the DV?/am I really measuring what I hope to be measuring?

external validity

generalization to outside population/world

strengths/weaknesses of correlational study designs

STRENGTHS:

-external validity

-observing behavior in a real-world setting

WEAKNESSES:

-Internal validity

-One cannot determine cause and effect because the variable measured simultaneously

-Cannot control/manipulate

operational variable

how you're going to measure/define the conceptual variable (abstract concepts)

strengths/weaknesses of experimental study designs

STRENGTHS:

-Cause and effect can be determined because all other variables in the experiment are held constant except from the independent variable

-Any differences in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable

-Internal validity - being confident you are measuring the true cause of the effect

WEAKNESSES:

-Experimenter bias when looking at results

-Results from experiments conducted in the laboratory may be less likely to generalize to the real world - in the real world, people do not think their behavior is being observed by an experimenter (question of external validity)

Socialized dysfunctional characteristic theory

-Strain arises because the gender roles that society instills contain inherently dysfunctional personality characteristics

-Example: male gender role includes inhibition of emotional expression, which is not healthy and female gender role includes dependency which may be not adaptive

stimulus/target variable

-characteristic of something to which people respond

-variable that can be manipulated in an experiment (i.e. picture given to an employer [M/F])

-experiment

ex. Do we smile more at male or female infants?

subject variable

variable that is a permanent characteristic of the subject (i.e. sex) and may affect the person's response to another variable

-sex comparisons

-correlation

ex. Are men or women smarter?

\***NOT A TRUE EXPERIMENT B/C ONE CAN NOT BE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO BE MALE OR FEMALE

bisexuals

individuals who accept other-sex and same-sex individuals as sexual partners

constructionists

people with the perspective that gender cannot be divorced from its context

gender identity/gender role identity

one's perception of oneself as psychologically male or female

masculine

description of a trait, beh., or interest assigned to the male gender role

sex stereotype/gender role stereotype

cognitive component of one's attitude toward sex

confirmatory hypothesis testing

process of noticing info that confirms stereotypes and disregarding info that disconfirms stereotypes

construct validity

evidence that a scientific instrument measures what it was intended to measure

effect size

size of a difference that has been found in a study

empathy

ability to experience the same emotion as another person or feel sympathy or compassion for another person

gender intensification

concern on the part of boys and girls w/ adherence to gender roles; applies to adolescence

meta-analysis

statistical tool that quantifies the results of a group of studies

androgens

male sex hormones (i.e. testosterone)

behavioral confirmation

process by which a perceiver's expectation actually alters the target's beh so the target comes to confirm the perceiver's expectancy

gender aschematic

someone who does not use the gender category as a guiding principle in behavior or as a way or processing info about the world

gender constancy

categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed

gender identity

label determined by bio sex that is applied either to the self or other people

gender schematic

someone who uses that gender category as a guiding principle in beh and as a way of processing info about the world

heterosexual script

stereotypical enactment of male and female roles in romantic relationships;

1. Man are looking for sex

2. Men are always the one initiating interactions

3. When it comes to commitment men are always avoiding it and women are seeking it

4. Men always go to full length to show they're not gay

Women together is seen as okay

intersex conditions

conditions in which chromosomal sex does not correspond to phenotypic sex or there is an inconsistency within phenotypic sex

masculine mystique

image of masculinity upheld by society that consists of toughness, dominance, emotional detachment, callousness toward women, eagerness to seek out danger, and competition

schema

category that contains info about the features of the category as well as its associations with other categories

fear of success

association of negative consequences with achievement

independent self-construal

sense of self based on independence, individuation, and separation from others

interdependent self-construal

sense of self based on connection to others

internal attribution

cause assigned to a beh that originates within the person

self-serving bias

the tendency to assign internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure

stereotype threat

theory that activating the female stereotype hinders women's performance

access discrimination

situation in which an indiv is not offered a given job or is offered a lesser job because of some defining characteristic (i.e. sex)

glass ceiling

label applied to barriers to the advancement of women and minorities in organizations

hostile environment

type of sexual harassment in which one person is creating a hostile, intimidating work environment for another

quid pro quo

type of sexual harassment in which one person offers work benefits or threatens work repercussions in exchange for sexual favors

role conflict

condition in which the demands of one role are at odds with the demands of another role

sex-role spillover theory

suggestion that expectations about men's and women's roles carry over to the workplace when they are not appropriate or are irrelevant

Sex

biological categories of female and male, genes chromosomes, and hormones, culture has no influence

gender

social categories of male and female, set of psychological features and role attributes that society has assigned to the biological category of sex

gender role

a term that describes society's influence on the biologically based categories of female and male

role

social position accompanied by a set of norms or expectations

masculinity

traits and behaviors and interests that society has assigned to the male gender role, self-confidence, aggression, watching sports

femininity

traits, behaviors, and interests assigned to the female gender role, emotional, helping someone, cooking

intrarole conflict

when expectations within a role conflict, ex. women are emotional yet sensitive to others needs, how does she tell her husband she is unhappy

interrole conflict

when the expectations of one role conflict with the expectations of another role, passive role of student in class conflicting wit male role to be active

cis-gender

individuals whose gender identity corresponds to their biological sex

contructionists

people with the perspective that gender cannot be divorced from its context

feminine

description of trait, behavior, or interest assigned to the female gender role

feminism

belief that men and women should be treated equally

gender culture

each society's or culture's conceptualization of gender roles

gender identity/ gender-role identity

one's perception of oneself as psychologically male or female

gender fluid

people who perceive gender as more of a continuum and not limited to two mutually exclusive categories

gender hybrid

person who considers the self to be a combination of male and female sex categories

gender nonconforming

people behave in ways that contradict traditional gender roles

gender-role attitude

one's personal view about how men and women should behave

heterosexuals

individuals who prefer other-sex sexual partners

homosexuals

individuals who prefer same- sex partners

intersex

a person who is born with ambiguous genitalia

intersectionality

the idea that a single social category, such as gender, cannot be examined independent from other social categories, such as race, ethnicity, and social class

maximalists

persons who maintain the two sexes are important differences between the two sexes

minimalists

persons who maintain the two sexes are fundamentally the same

Argument of minimalists

-Publication biases occur when same results for gender, publish only differences

-Unreplicated results

-Failure to report effect sizes

-Harmful effects

-Attribution to biology

-"Female deficit"

sex discrimination

behavioral component of one's attitude toward men and women that involves differential treatment of people based on their biological sex