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Uses this spectrum like the IR
Emits energy based on different frequencies and wavelengths
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
________ may damage soft tissue by changing the polarity
Ionizing Property ( > 10 ev)
Both SWD & MWD are nonionizing
FATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
________ - Use of head perpendiculary
Lambert's Cosine Law/Right Angle Law
FATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
________ - Intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the distance squared
(Appropriate distance of the machine for treatment )
Inverse Square Law
FATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
_________ - Ensure proper absorption of radiation
Law of Grotthus Draper/ Principle of Chemical Activation
FATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
________ - There is an optimal amount of energy absorption per unit time for beneficial results to be expected
Dosage determination (intensity = warmth)
Arndt-Schultz Principle
FATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
________ - Intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy is inversely proportional
Adjustment of parameters in treatment
Bunsen Roscoe Law of Reciprocity
PRINCIPLES OF DIATHERMY
Greek δια + θερμία (dia & thermia) = “_______” or “________”
First used in 1892 by _________
Application of ______ or _________ to produce heat and other physiological changes within tissues
to heat through” or “through heating”
Jacques Arsene d’Arsonval
shortwave (radio) / microwave electromagnetic energy
microwave radiation has a ______ wavelength and _____ frequency than shortwave radiation
shorter & higher freq
TYPES OF DIATHERMY
Longwave Diathermy
Wavelength
Frequency
Frequency Bands
Penetration Depth
Therapeutic Use
300 - 30m
-
-
Deep
No longer used
TYPES OF DIATHERMY
SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY (SWD)
Wavelength
Frequency
Frequency Bands
Penetration Depth
Therapeutic Use
30 - 3m ,200 - 3m
10 - 100 MHz , 1.8 - 30 MHz
13.56 MHz (22 m) , 27.12 MHz (11 m) ,40.68 MHz (7.5 m)
Deeper
For rehabilitation (thermal effects)
TYPES OF DIATHERMY
Microwave Diathermy
Wavelength
Frequency
Frequency Bands
Penetration Depth
Therapeutic Use
2 - 0.03 m ,1m - 1mm
300 MHz - 300 GHz
433.9 MHz (69 cm) , 915 MHz (33 cm) , 2,450 MHz (12 cm)
Deepest
For rehabilitation (thermal effects)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIATHERMY : TISSUE ABSORPTION
Factors: _________ & _________
Amount of Energy
Tissue Type
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIATHERMY : FOR SWD vs Other Agents
Heats _______ tissues vs Superficial Heating agents
Heats ______ areas vs US
Not reflected by _____ and do not concentrate on ____
Deeper tissues
Larger Areas
bones → periosteum (no periosteal burning or pain) vs US
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIATHERMY : FOR MWD
Danger of Overheating Fats
Some energy is being absorbed directly by the _______
Some energy is being _____ to the fatty tissue at __________
Has _____ absorption for fatty issue
Does not go through completely to the _____
_______ to the fat
fatty tissues
reflected → fat-muscle interface
Absorption
muscle
Bounces back
MWD is reflected at tissue interfaces = hotspots in other areas
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIATHERMY : Thermal Effects
__ Pain control
___ Accelerated tissue healing
__blood flow (vasodilation)
__ metabolism
___ joint stiffness
__collagen extensibility
Muscle _______
In conjunction with _____ to ↑ ROM
INC tissue tempertature by up to ____ in ____ mins
Achieved when using ______ mode
Used in adjunct to ____ for full physiological effect such as plastic mode of muscles after _____
Can bring both _____ & ____ effects
INC Pain control
INC Accelerated tissue healing
INC blood flow (vasodilation)
INC metabolism
DEC joint stiffness
INC collagen extensibility
Muscle relaxation
In conjunction with stretching to ↑ ROM
3.5°C in 20 mins
Continuous
Exercises → stretching
thermal and non-thermal
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIATHERMY : NON- Thermal Effects
↑ microvascular ______
__ minutes around ulcer sites in patients with diabetic ulcers
Modulates_______ & ____
Accelerate ____ & _____ healing
Accelerates ________ binding to ______
↑rate of _______ (SWD)
↑_____ activity
____ soft tissue healing
incisional wounds, pressure ulcers, burn & tendon injuries
Controls _____ & _____
Achieved when using ___ modes: ______
Can activate both both _____ & ____
____ can be used to isolate non thermal effects
↑ microvascular ______
40-45 minutes
Modulates cell growth and division
Accelerates process, if slow , Inhibits process, if fast
Controls
bone and nerve healing acceleration
Accelerates Ca2+ binding to calmodulin
↑rate of phagocytosis (SWD)
↑ATP activity
INC
pain and edema
both modes → Continuous & Pulse
thermal and non-thermal effects
Pulse
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIATHERMY
2 kinds of Diathermy : _____&______
Shortwave Diathermy & Microwave Diathermy
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIATHERMY
2 types of Shortwave Diathermy : _____&______
Type of Microwave Diathermy : _____&______
Capacitive Plates or Electric Field Method & Inductive coils / Magnetic Field Method
Magnetron (Condenser)
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIATHERMY
________ is made of metal encased in plasting housing or transmissive carbon rubber electrodes
Heating by electric field method
The current will not effectively penetrate to deeper tissues but will concentrate more in superficial tissues such as ________
Capacity Plates
Fat or collagen
CAPACITY PLATES TECHNIQUE
____________
Plates in series on each side of body part
Pt is part of the _______ circuit
“sandwich the tissue”
Absorption is _______
Plates in series on each side of body part
Pt is part of the electromagnetic circuit
“sandwich the tissue”
Absorption is THROUGH
Contra Planar / Transverse Positioning
CAPACITY PLATES TECHNIQUE
____________
Plates in parallel on same body surface
Applied on the _______ surface
Electromagnetic circuit will jump from one plate to another
Absorption by ______
Plates in parallel on same body surface
Applied on the same body surface
Electromagnetic circuit will jump from one plate to another
Absorption by PASSING
Co Planar Positioning
Types of Electrodes or Condensers: Capacity Plates
___________
Capacitor or Condenser Electrodes
__________
Flexible or Condenser Pads
Distance: ____ inches (____ cm) (Between skin and condenser)
Plates
Pads
Distance: 1-3 inches (2-10 cm) (Between skin and condenser)
Tissue Heating of Capacity Plates
Most heating occurs on tissues with _______
Produces more heat on ______
________ on superficial tissues
Do not penetrate as effectively to_______ if less conductive tissues, such as ___, are present superficially
Conductivity depends on _______ of soft tissues
Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity
Produces more heat on superficial tissues
Greater conduction on superficial tissues
Do not penetrate as effectively to deeper tissues if less conductive tissues, such as fats, are present superficially
Conductivity depends on water content of soft tissues
Fatter = less effective (because fat will block the heat)
Tissue Heating for SWD & MWD
0.7 - 0.9
0.83
0.48-0.54
0.46
0.04-0.06
0.01
Made up of coil where Alternating Current (AC) flows (inside the applicator head)
AC produces magnetic fields → induces electrical ______ in tissues → oscillation of charged particles → friction → generates heat
The strength of magnetic field _____ in proportion to the distance between tissue and applicator which does not vary with tissue type.
Can heat both deep & superficial tissues but produce most heat in ________
INDUCTIVE COILS or MAGNETIC FIELD METHOD
Eddy Currents
EDDY CURRENT - INDUCTIVE COIL - SWD
Dec
muscle/synovial fluid
INDUCTIVE COILS : Types of Electrodes or Condenser
_____
_____
Able to heat up larger surfaces
Has 2 heat applicators
_____
1 applicator only
Same with lab diathermy
___________
Circumferential effects on limbs
Drum
Diplode
Monode
Sleeves with Cables
NDUCTIVE COILS : Tissue Heating
Most heating occurs on tissues with_____
Heats tissues____ to the applicator
Distance: _______
Between___ & ____ technique (only)
Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity
Heats tissues closest to the applicator
Distance: Slight air gap
Between skin and drum technique (only)
SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY : Factors Affecting Field Distribution
SPACING
_______ distance to tissue → more ______
Might be because of the ________ capacity
ELECTRODE SIZE
______ → more superficial
SPACING
Closer distance to tissue → more superficial
Might be because of the absorption/condution capacity
ELECTRODE SIZE
Smaller → more superficia
SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY : THERMAL (continuous) vs NON- THERMAL (pulsed)
For Non- Thermal
Pulsed SWD (PSWD) or Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) or Pulsed Electromagentic Energy (PEME)
With “on” and “off” cycles
Can be isolated since pulse cant activate thermal effects
Microwave Diathermy
Produces high-frequency Alternating Current in an antenna → electromagnetic field
Used for smaller, defined areas
Medicallly treat malignant tumors by hyperthermia
Penetrates less deeply than SWD but can generate most heat in tissues with high electrical conductivity
MAGNETRON (Condenser)
MAGNETRON (Condenser) : Tissue Heating
Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity( _______ ); however, it penetrates less deeply than SWD
Distance:_______
Muscles
Few inches
MAGNETRON (Condenser) : Tissue Heating
→ ______ of penetration
→ _____ absorption by fatty tissues
→ _____ at tissue interfaces
= Risk for Burn on Superficial Skin or Fat
→ Shallow depth of penetration
→ Direct absorption by fatty tissues
→ Reflection at tissue interfaces
= Risk for Burn on Superficial Skin or Fat
COMPARISON OF HEAT DISTRIBUTION
DOSIMETRY AND INDICATIONS OF DIATHERMY
COMMONLY USED INTENSITY: _________
Mild, comfortable, dry warmth
INDICATIONS FOR DIATHERMY
THERMAL LEVEL
______ control
Accelerates _______
Decreases_______
______ soft tissue extensibility
Use ________ mode
NON-THERMAL LEVEL
____ & ____ control
_____tissue healing
Nerve and bone healing on animal studies (so not yet applicable)
Use_________ mode; can isolate by using pulse only
THERMAL LEVEL
Pain control
Acccelerates tissue healing
Decreases joint stiffness
Increase soft tissue extensibility
Use continuous mode
NON-THERMAL LEVEL
Pain and edema control
Soft tissue healing
Nerve and bone healing on animal studies (so not yet applicable)
Use continuous and pulse mode; can isolate by using pulse only
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR DIATHERMY
THERMAL LEVEL
Pacemakers or electronic-implants
Metal implants
Malignancies
Thromboplebitis
Over abdomen, low back or pelvis of pregnant women
Over the eyes or testes
Over growing epiphyses of children
Hemorrhage
Contact lenses
NON-THERMAL LEVEL
Pacemakers or electronic-implants
Metal implants
Malignancies
Thromboplebitis
Over abdomen, low back or pelvis of pregnant women
Deep tissues (internal organs)
PRECAUTIONS FOR DIATHERMY
External __________ (EKG, EEG, TENS, & computer-controlled devices) = ___ m (__ ft) away from active diathermy devices
Copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices
_____ (Capacitive SWD and MWD)
Impaired ____ or ____
Decreased ______
Over _____ clothes or accumulated _____
_____, ____ or _____ skin
Over growing epiphyses of ______ (PSWD)
Only if PSWD, otherwise it is CI
Excessive exposure of PT to ______
_____ (Continuous SWD); _____ (PSWD)
External electronic medical devices nearby (EKG, EEG, TENS, & computer-controlled devices) = 3-5 m (10-16 ft) away from active diathermy devices
Copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices
Obesity (Capacitive SWD and MWD)
Impaired sensation or circulation
Decreased consciousness
Over moist clothes or accumulated sweats
Atrophic, infected or damaged skin
Over growing epiphyses of children (PSWD)
Only if PSWD, otherwise it is CI
Excessive exposure of PT to radiation
1-2 m (Continuous SWD); 0.5-1m (PSWD)
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIATHERMY
_________
because of focused heat
Fat layers are at greatest risk of burning when ______ applicators are used because they are more effectively heated
Imperative to monitor and check pt
Check for blanching
Inspect area
Ask pt input
Burns and Blisterings
Capacitive plate applicators
DOCUMENTATION LEC
Continuous SWD or MWD x <distance> x 20 min on <treatment area> in <position> to <rationale>
Pulsed SWD x <distance> x 30-60 min x <od/bid> on <treatment area> in <position> to <rationale>
DOCUMENTATION LAB
MWD using <MW-7S machine> x <distance> x <duration> x <pt position> over <body area> to <rationale>
Inductive SWD using <Curapuls 670 machine> x <duration> x <pt position> over <body area> to <rational>
“Confine yourself to the present”
Marcus Aurelius 💫
Note 
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