Biology Semester 2 Review- Kroeber

Evolution

unites all fields of Biology

Phenotype

the difference in physical traits of an organism is called

Artificial Selection

The process by which humans select traits through breeding is called

Vestigial Structure

The remnant of an organ that had a function in an early ancestor is known as a

Catastrophism

Which theory states that floods and earthquakes have occurred often in Earth’s history?

Species can adapt to environment to survive

Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well-suited to their environment, what did this suggest?

Uniformitarianism

which theory is based on slow changes over time?

Paleontology

Which is the study of fossils or extinct organisms?

Analogous Structure

The name given to a structure that is similar in function but not similar in origin is called an

energy efficient, free hands, upward

advantages of being biped

adapt

species are able to _____ to their environment

Adaptations

_______ can lead to genetic change in population

Geographic Isolation

________ is when a physical barrier separates a population

Behavioral Isolation

_________ may occur when mating seasons do not coincide

speciation

the rise of 2 or more species from one existing species

Geographic Barriers

An earthquake causes an ocean channel to open up on an island where a low area previously existed. The island’s lizard population is now separated on the two parts of the island, providing an example of

Behavioral Isolation

What kind of isolation occurs when two populations of birds have different courtship dances?

Extinction

The total and permanent disappearance of a species from Earth is called

Cyanobacteria

Where may have the first oxygen in our atmosphere come from?

Organic Molecules

Where do scientists propose life first originated?

Mid Paleozoic Era

When did life move on land?

2\.4 million years ago

The genus Homo first evolved

Miller-Urey Experiment

simulated early Earth conditions into a lab experiment

200,000 years ago

Homo sapiens fossils date to

Prosimians

The oldest living primates

The Mesozoic Era

The era known as the Age of Reptiles

Paleozoic Era

The Cambrian explosion took place during which era?

Epochs

Geological time broken down from largest to smallest is

4\.5 billion years

What do scientists estimate as the age of Earth?

Increased Diversity

The evolution of sexual reproduction resulted in

Primates

Which group of animals includes modern humans?

Bipedal, opposable thumbs, larger brain

Classification of being a hominid requires

Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, Modification

What are the main principles to the theory of natural selection?

Population

A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area is called a

Biotic Factor

Living

Abiotic Factor

Nonliving

Biodiversity

the assortment, or variety of living things in an ecosystem

Producers

Which group of organisms provide the most of the energy in ecosystems?

Autotroph (Producer)

makes own food

Heterotroph (Consumer)

obtains energy from food consumed

Consumers

Herbivores are also known as

Evaporation, Precipitation, surface and groundwater runoff

Name the processes that are part of the hydrology cycle

Keystone Species

An organism that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem is called a

Food Chain

series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food Web

a community of organisms where there are several food chains

Mutualism

both species benefit

Commensalism

one species is unaffected, one benefits

Parasitism

One species benefits, one is harmed

Immigration and births

What two things will increase the size of a population?

density-dependent limiting factor

a factor limiting population growth that increases as the population increases, such as competition

an area previously inhabited

Where do pioneer species grow?

Primary Succession

ecological succession that begins where no biotic community existed

Secondary Succession

succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying soil

data collected over a long period of time

A region’s climate, unlike its weather, is based on

Physical characteristics

Linneaus’ classification system is organized based on

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

List Linnaean taxa in the correct order from general to specific

Genus

This includes one or more physically similar species thought to be closely related

Binomial Nomenclature

A system that gives each species a two-part Latin name is called

lower cased

The species name is written

capitalized

The genus name is written

mitochondrial DNA

Which is used to study closely related species due to the fact it has a higher mutation rate?

ribosomal RNA

Which is used to study distantly related species due to the fact it has a lower mutation rate?

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history for a group of species is called a

Bacteria

The largest group of organisms on Earth is

notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, tail

Identify the four features that chordates share at some stage of development

purpose of gills

to breathe underwater

swim bladder

air-filled sac near the spinal column that helps maintain buoyancy

lateral line

a visible line along the side of a fish consisting of a series of sense organs that detect pressure and vibration

amphibians

The first animals with four limbs were

to reproduce

Why is water important for amphibians?

salamanders, frogs, caecilians

examples of amphibians

vertebrates

Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have this in common

to protect embryo in amniotic fluid

Why is it important for amniotes to retain water?

Pulmonary Circuit

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces in the lungs

Systematic Circuit

circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Ectotherms

absorb heat from the environment

Endotherms

generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals

cold blooded, dry, scaly skin, amniotes

Reptile characteristics

Keel bone

In order for birds to have large chest muscles the sternum has the

Adaptations for birds

Reproductive organs active only during short periods, high metabolism for flight and keeping warm

Placenta importance

young complete embryonic development within uterus, joined to mother, live birth after fetal development

Lateral Line

what organ does the perch use to sense changes in pressure?

Swim Bladder

What does the perch use to stay afloat?

Gills

Name the organ that exchanges oxygen with carbon dioxide

Gill rakers

What are the projections called that keep food out of the gills?

Gonads

What is the collective name for the ovaries & testes?

Gill rakers

What increases the surface area of the gills?

Respiratory

What system are the gills a part of?

Circulatory

What system are the arteries a part of?

Central Nervous

What system is the spine a part of?

Digestive

What system is the intestine a part of?

Dorsal

toward the backbone (superior)

Lateral

toward the side

Ventral

toward the belly (inferior)

Anterior

toward the head (cranial)

Rugae

These are folds along the inner walls of the stomach which help churn and mix the food with digestive juices?

umbilical cord

What structure brings food and oxygen in to the fetus and carries waste out?

diaphragm

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Ventricle

What part of the heart is the pumper?

Peristalsis

The rhythmic contractions of the esophagus are called?