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American Revolution:
Description: Struggle by American colonists against British rule for independence.
Key Facts/Importance: Led to the formation of the United States of America; inspired later independence movements worldwide.
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen:
Description: Revolutionary document during the French Revolution, asserting the rights of individuals.
Key Facts/Importance: Established principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity; influenced modern concepts of human rights and citizenship.
French Revolution:
Description: Period of radical social and political upheaval in France, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy.
Key Facts/Importance: Led to the end of absolute monarchy in France; inspired revolutions and political movements globally.
Robespierre:
Description: Influential figure in the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror.
Key Facts/Importance: Leader of the Committee of Public Safety; associated with radical policies and executions during the Revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte:
Description: Military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.
Key Facts/Importance: Instituted significant reforms and military conquests in Europe; his rule marked the end of the French Revolution.
Haitian Revolution:
Description: Slave revolt in French-controlled Saint-Domingue, leading to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation.
Key Facts/Importance: First successful slave revolt resulting in the abolition of slavery; inspired other anti-colonial and abolitionist movements.
Latin American Revolution:
Description: Series of revolutions in Latin America against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule.
Key Facts/Importance: Led to the independence of many Latin American countries; inspired by Enlightenment ideals and other revolutionary movements.
Hidalgo:
Description: Mexican priest and revolutionary leader who played a key role in the Mexican War of Independence.
Key Facts/Importance: Known for his Grito de Dolores, a call for Mexican independence; considered a national hero in Mexico.
Tupac Amaru:
Description: Indigenous leader who led a rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in Peru.
Key Facts/Importance: Symbol of indigenous resistance; his rebellion inspired later movements for independence in Latin America.
Great Jamaica Rule:
Description: British colonial rule over Jamaica during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Key Facts/Importance: Jamaica played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade; became a center of resistance and later independence movement.
Abolitionist movement:
Description: Movement to end slavery, particularly in the United States and Europe.
Key Facts/Importance: Played a crucial role in the abolition of slavery; sparked debates on human rights and racial equality.
Nationalism:
Description: Ideology emphasizing the importance of national identity, sovereignty, and self-determination.
Key Facts/Importance: Fueled independence movements, revolutions, and the formation of nation-states; shaped modern geopolitics.
Vindication of the Rights of Women:
Description: Influential feminist text by Mary Wollstonecraft, advocating for women's rights and equality.
Key Facts/Importance: Considered a foundational work in the feminist movement; challenged traditional gender roles and societal expectations.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
Description: Leading figure in the American women's rights movement and organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.
Key Facts/Importance: Played a pivotal role in the fight for women's suffrage and equality; co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments.
Maternal Feminism:
Description: Feminist ideology emphasizing the importance of women's roles as mothers and caregivers.
Key Facts/Importance: Advocated for women's rights based on their roles in nurturing and raising future citizens; influenced social and political reforms related to family and childcare.
Steam Engine:
Description: Revolutionary invention that powered the Industrial Revolution by converting steam into mechanical energy.
Key Facts/Importance: Transformed transportation, manufacturing, and agriculture; fueled industrialization and urbanization.
British Textile Industry:
Description: Leading sector of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, focused on the production of textiles.
Key Facts/Importance: Pioneered technological innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom; drove economic growth and urbanization.
Middle Class Society:
Description: Social class comprising professionals, merchants, and skilled workers, between the aristocracy and working class.
Key Facts/Importance: Emerged during the Industrial Revolution; valued education, entrepreneurship, and social mobility.
Ideology of Domesticity:
Description: Cultural belief emphasizing women's roles as homemakers and caregivers.
Key Facts/Importance: Reinforced gender roles and societal expectations; influenced family dynamics and women's rights movements.
Lower Middle Class:
Description: Socioeconomic group comprising clerical workers, small business owners, and skilled tradespeople.
Key Facts/Importance: Positioned between the middle class and working class; faced economic challenges and social mobility barriers.
Laboring Classes:
Description: Working-class individuals engaged in manual labor and industrial jobs.
Key Facts/Importance: Formed the backbone of industrial economies; organized labor movements to advocate for better wages, working conditions, and rights.
Karl Marx:
Description: Influential philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary.
Key Facts/Importance: Co-authored "The Communist Manifesto"; developed theories of capitalism, class struggle, and communism; inspired socialist and communist movements worldwide.
Labour Party:
Description: Political party in the United Kingdom representing the interests of the working class and labor unions.
Key Facts/Importance: Founded in 1900; advocated for social reforms, workers' rights, and redistribution of wealth.
Socialism in the United States:
Description: Political ideology advocating for collective ownership of the means of production and equitable distribution of resources.
Key Facts/Importance: Influenced progressive and labor movements; led to the establishment of socialist parties and cooperative enterprises.
Progressives:
Description: Reformers and activists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocating for social, political, and economic reforms.
Key Facts/Importance: Addressed issues like poverty, corruption, and monopolies; promoted government intervention and social welfare programs.
Russian Revolution of 1905:
Description: Mass uprising against Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule, leading to political and social reforms.
Key Facts/Importance: Marked the beginning of revolutionary activity in Russia; resulted in the creation of the Duma and limited reforms.
Caudillos:
Description: Strongmen or military leaders who wielded power in Latin American countries during the 19th century.
Key Facts/Importance: Often ruled through authoritarian means; controlled governments and suppressed dissent.
Latin American Export Boom:
Description: Period of economic growth driven by the export of raw materials and commodities from Latin America to Europe and the United States.
Key Facts/Importance: Fueled by demand for resources like minerals, agricultural products, and rubber; contributed to uneven development and dependency.
Mexican Revolution:
Description: Decades-long struggle for political, social, and economic reform in Mexico during the early 20th century.
Key Facts/Importance: Led to the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship; resulted in the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and land reforms.
Dependent Development:
Description: Economic model characterized by reliance on foreign investment, technology, and markets for development.
Key Facts/Importance: Common in Latin American countries during the 20th century; led to economic dependency and uneven development patterns.
The Enlightenment:
Description: Intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.
Key Facts/Importance: Challenged traditional authority and religious dogma; laid the foundation for modern thought and the Age of Reason.
Francis Bacon:
Description: English philosopher and statesman known for his contributions to empiricism and the scientific method.
Key Facts/Importance: Advocated for systematic observation and experimentation; emphasized the importance of evidence-based reasoning.
John Locke:
Description: English philosopher and political theorist known for his ideas on natural rights, government, and liberalism.
Key Facts/Importance: Influenced concepts of individual liberty, social contract theory, and the separation of powers; his ideas shaped democratic principles and modern political thought.
Thomas Hobbes:
Description: English philosopher best known for his work "Leviathan," which explored the nature of government and society.
Key Facts/Importance: Argued for absolute monarchy and social contract theory; his ideas laid the groundwork for modern political science and moral philosophy.
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Description: English writer and advocate for women's rights, known for her seminal work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman."
Key Facts/Importance: Argued for women's education, equality, and political representation; considered a pioneer of feminist thought and human rights.
Olympe de Gouge:
Description: French playwright and political activist known for her advocacy for women's rights and social justice during the French Revolution.
Key Facts/Importance: Wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen"; criticized gender inequality and advocated for women's suffrage.
Edmund Burke:
Description: Irish statesman and philosopher known for his conservative political views and critiques of the French Revolution.
Key Facts/Importance: Opposed revolutionary change and defended traditional institutions; his writings influenced conservative thought and political theory.
Voltaire:
Description: French philosopher, writer, and advocate for civil liberties, known for his wit, satire, and criticism of authority.
Key Facts/Importance: Championed freedom of speech, religion, and tolerance; challenged religious and political oppression.
Denis Diderot:
Description: French philosopher and editor known for his role in editing and compiling the "Encyclopédie," a comprehensive encyclopedia of knowledge.
Key Facts/Importance: Promoted secularism, rationalism, and the dissemination of knowledge; his work influenced Enlightenment thought and education.
Baron de Montesquieu:
Description: French philosopher and political theorist known for his theory of separation of powers and checks and balances.
Key Facts/Importance: Advocated for limited government and the rule of law; his ideas influenced modern constitutionalism and democratic governance.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
Description: Swiss-French philosopher and writer known for his ideas on social contract theory, direct democracy, and natural innocence.
Key Facts/Importance: Emphasized the importance of individual freedom and the general will; his works inspired political revolutions and romanticism.
Thomas Paine:
Description: English-American writer and political activist known for his influential pamphlets advocating for independence and republican government.
Key Facts/Importance: Wrote "Common Sense," which galvanized support for American independence; his works influenced democratic movements worldwide.
Adam Smith:
Description: Scottish economist and philosopher known as the father of modern economics, best known for his book "The Wealth of Nations."
Key Facts/Importance: Advocated for free-market capitalism, division of labor, and limited government intervention; his ideas shaped economic policy and globalization.
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