Biology UPDATED

Chemicals

help build cells- macromolecules are chemicals that are essential to life

Cells

The Basic Unit of Life

Tissues

Made up of cells that have a similar structure and function

Organs

Made up of tissues that work together to carry out a specific function

Organ Systems

Group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function

Organisms

Made up of one or more organs

Cell Membrane

Identify the name that the arrow is pointing at

Defines the cell by acting as a barrier. It keeps cytoplasm in and substances located outside of the cell out.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Cytoplasm

Identify the name that the arrow is pointing at

A general term that refers to cytosol and the substructures. Found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus

What is the function of Cytoplasm?

Golgi Apparatus

Identify the name that the arrow is pointing at

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Nucleus

Identify the name that the arrow is pointing at

controls and regulates the activities of the cell

What is the function of Nucleus

Mitochondria

Identify the cell

Described as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce most of a cell's ATP

What is the function of Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Identify the name that the arrow is pointing at

Organelles that function in the breakdown of various substances

What is the function of Lysosomes

Ribosomes

Identify the name that is the arrow is pointing at

involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. They read the RNA produced in nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins. cells with high rate of protein synthesis have large number of ribosomes.

What is the function of Ribosomes

Rough ER

Identify the name that is the arrow is pointing at

involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins. And contains ribsomes on the surface

What is the function of Rough ER

Smooth ER

Identify the name the arrow is pointing at

It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. Transports mostly lipids and doesn't contain ribsomes

What is the function of Smooth ER?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What are the five main stages of mitosis?

Interphase

The first stage of the cell cycle. It is when the cell grows and carries out its normal functions

Prophase

The second stage of the cell cycle. The chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear envelope also breaks down

Metaphase

The third stage of the cell cycle. The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

The fourth stage of the cell cycle. The chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell. Cell Division Begins

Telophase

The fifth and final stage of the cell cycle. A new nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes. The chromosomes uncoil and become less visible. The cell then divides into two daughter cells

Prophase II

The sixth stage of meiosis. In this stage, the daughter cells contain half of the chromosomes from the original cells

Metaphase II

The Seventh Stage of meiosis, in this stage, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell again

Anaphase II

The eighth stage of meiosis. In this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase II

The ninth and final stage of meiosis, in this stage, the cells divide into four genetically diverse daughter cells also known as haploids

Chromosomes

long, thread like structures that are round in the nucleus of the cell

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

Genes

The basic units of heredity and made up of DNA

- Responsible for Character

structural genes

Responsible for the physical traits of an organism (ex color of your eyes)

Regulatory Genes

Controls the activity of other genes

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the nitrogeneous bases for RNA

two nucleotides that are bonded together with hydrogen bonds

A=T and C=G

What is a base pair

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

64 (3 being stop codons)

How many possible Condons are there?

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from nucleotides

Carries the genetric code from the DNA to the ribsomes in the cytoplasm

What is the function of mRNA

Helps assemble amino acids into proteins

What is the function of tRNA

Ribosomal RNA

The RNA that makes up ribosomes

Transcription

The process of making RNA to DNA

translation

The process of making proteins from RNA

What is an inheritance?

The process by which traits are passed from parents to their offspring

Mendel's law of inheritance states

There are two alleles for each trait. Alleles are alternative forms of a gene

genotype

The combination of two alles is called a

heterozygous

If the chomosomes contain two different alleles for a trait it is called

homogeneous

If the chomosomes contain two identical alleles for a trait it is called

The physical, visual manifestation of genes

What is a phenotype?

Dihybrid Cross

Refers to one involving more than one trait

Macromolecules

Large molecules that are essential for the structure and function of cells

Polymer

A macromolecule that is made up of smaller units called covalent bond-linked monomers

Dehydration

The formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants accompanied by the loss of a water molecule

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down bonds to monomers

fatty acids and glycerol

What are lipids made out of?

Amino Acids

Proteins are made out of

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

What are monomers

Glucose and Fructose

What are common monosaccharides?

2 monosacharides bonded

What are disaccharides

many or multiple monosaccharides bonded together

What are polysaccharides

Animal fats and Oils

Triglycerides can be divided into

liquid

At room temperature oils are

saturated fats

Bonded by a single bond

unsaturated fats

Bonded by a double bond

Catalyst of chemical reactions

What is the function of Enzymes?

Steriods

cholesteral, aldosterone, and cortisol are known as

Long unbranched chains of monosaccharides

What are linear carbohydrates

Shorter chains of monosaccharides with branches

What are branched carbohydrates

Coiled chains of monosaccharides

What are Helix-Shaped Carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Lipids are composed of?

Store and transmit genetic information

What is the function of Nucleic Acids

Micro-organisms

tiny living organisms. They are to small to be seen with the naked eye and can only be seen with a microscope

Bacteria

Single-celled microorganisms that can live in many different environments and lacks a nucleus

Viruses

Even smaller than bacteria and can only be seen with an electron microscope

Protozoans

Single-celled microorganism that are found in water, soil, and air.

have no nucleus, and lack organelles.

What is a Prokaryotic Cell

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

What is a Eukaroytic Cell?

Fungi

Micro-organisms that are classifed as Eukaryotes causes dieases such as ring worm, and athlete's foot

Infectious Diseases

Can be spread from one person to another such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi

Noninfectious diseases

Are not caused by microorganisms and can not be spread from person to person (ex: cancer, heart disease, and diabetes)

Direct Contact

When the infectious agent comes into contact with the mucous membrane or broken skin of another person (can happen through shaking hands, kissing, or sexual contact

Indirect Contact

When an infectious agent comes into contact with an object or surface that another person will touch (ex: touching a doorknob that someone with the flu touched

Vectors

Living organisms that can carry and transmit infectious agent to humans and other animals most common being ticks, mosquitos and fleas

Microscope

An instrument used to enlarge objects so they can be seen more clearly

Light Microscopes

Microscopes that are dependent on a light source

Electron Microscope

Dependent on an electron beam. Used for seeing objects at a much higher magnification put to 150,000 size of specimen

transmission (TEM) and Scanning (SEM)

What are the two types of electron microscopes

Collagtive Properties

properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent particles in a solution, and not on the nature of the particles present

Boiling Point Elevation, Freezing Point, Depression, Osmatic Pressure, and Rovali's Law

What are some properties Colligative Properties

Gametogenesis

The process by which diploid germ cells give rise to haploid gametes

Squamous

Flattened- scale like cells are called

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped cells are called

Columnar

Long, thin cells are called