WHAP Timeline Vocab

Xerxes

Xerxes

- King of Persia (486-465 BCE)
- Led Persians in the Greco-Persian Wars

*<b> Persian Empire's expansions and interactions with other civilizations </b>*

Alexander the Great

- Macedonian King (336-323 BCE) and military conqueror
- Expanded his empire across Asia, Africa, and Europe (merging cultures)

*<b> Reshaped politics and culture of the ancient world </b>*

Julius Caesar

- 100-44 BCE
- Roman general, statesman, and dictator
- His assianation led to the end of the Republic and beginning of the Imperial Era

Fall of Rome

- 5th century
- Collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE)

*<b> Displays the decline of centralized authority, barbarian invasions, and transition to the Middle Ages of Europe </b>*

Upper and Lower Egypt Combination

- around 3100 BCE
- Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the rule of one king

*<b> The beginning of ancient Egyptian civilization and the establishment of a centralized state </b>*

Cuneiform Writing Development

- around 3200 BCE
- by Ancinet Mesopotamians
- earliest known form of writing

*<b> Recording historical events, economic transactions, religious beliefs, and spread of knowledge </b>*

Charlemagne

- King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor (768-814 CE)
- expanded Frankish Kingdom into an empire in Western Europe

*<b> Supported the Carolingian Renaissance, promoting education, art, and architecture. Laid the foundations for medieval Europe </b>*

Champa Rice

- Song Dynasty around the 10th century CE
- Fast-growing and drought-resistant strain of rice imported from Vietnam

*<b> Changed agriculture in East Asia, leading to increased food production and population growth </b>*

Han Dynasty

- Chinese dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)
- Known for its centralized bureaucracy, Confucianism, and the Silk Road

*<b> Governance and cultural achievements shaped China. Laid the foundation for future dynasties </b>*

Hanseatic League

- Northern European merchants and towns (13th century-17th century)
- a commercial and defensive confederation that dominated trade in the Baltic and North Seas

*<b> Major role in economic development of Northern Europe and the establishment of trade routes </b>*

William the Conqueror

- Duke of Normandy and King of Europe (1066-1087)
- Led the Norman Conquest of England in 1066

*<b> His conquest transformed England's political, legal, and social systems (Norman feudalism and the merging of Anglo-Saxon and Norman cultures) </b>*

Emperor Ashoka

- Indian emperor of Maurya Dynasty (268-232 BCE)
- Conversion to Buddhism and spread the religion throughout the empire

*<b> Promoted peace, religious tolerance, and spread of Buddhist philosophy across South Asia </b>*

Jesus of Nazareth

- 1st century CE
- Founder and religious symbol of Christianity

*<b> His teachings, life, and crucifixion laid the foundation of Christianity </b>*

Siddhartha Gautama

- 6th century-4th century BCE
- Founder of Buddhism, known as the Buddha

*<b> Teachings on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path form the core of Buddhist philosophy and practice </b>*

Confucius

- 6th century-5th century BCE
- Chinese philosopher and teacher
- Moral values, family ethnics, and social harmony

*<b> His philosophy (Confucianism) influenced Chinese culture, politics, and society </b>*

Silk Road

- Mainly 2nd century-14th century
- Ancient trade routes (connecting East and West) facilitating cultural exchange and economic interactions

*<b> Major role in exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies </b>*

Neolithic Revolution

- around 10000 BCE
- transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture
- development of permanent settlements and rise of civilization

*<b> Enabled population growth, specialization in labor, and emergence of complex societies </b>*

Mesopotamia

- around 4000 BCE-539 BCE
- historical region between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

*<b> Home to some of the earliest civilizations. Laid the groundwork for modern society </b>*

Charles Martel

- 688-741 CE
- Frankish statesman and military leader
- defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732

*<b> His victory is considered crucial in preserving Christianity in Europe and shaping the continent's history </b>*

Muhammad

- 570-632 CE
- founder of Islam
- received revelations from Allah, which became the basis for the Quran

*<b> His teachings and the spread of Islam significantly influenced Middle East, North Africa, and beyond shaping culture, politics, and society </b>*

Saint Paul

- 5-67 CE
- early Christian apostle and missionary
- spread Christianity across the Roman Empire

*<b> His writings formed a foundation of Christian theology and doctrine </b>*

Lateen Sails

- 2nd century CE
- triangular sails which helped ships sail against wind

*<b> Revolutionized sea travel, enabling sailors to navigate more effectively and explore new trade routes </b>*

Noria Wheel

- mainly during the Islamic Golden Age
- type of water wheel used to lift water for irrigation or other purposes

*<b> Played a major role in agricultural development, providing a reliable water supply </b>*

Paleolithic Era

- 2.6 million years ago-about 10000 BCE
- prehistoric period, use of stone tools and development of early human societies

Civil Service Exam

- peak during Tang and Song dynasties
- system of competitive exams used to select government positions

*<b> Ensured a competent and merit-based bureaucracy, contributing to the stability of Chinese government administration </b>*

Paper Money/Flying Cash

- Tang Dynasty (7th century CE)
- a form of currency made of paper

*<b> Facilitated trade and commerce by providing a medium of exchange </b>*

Thomas Aquinas

- 1225-1274 CE
- influential medieval philosopher and theologian
- made a synthesis of Christian theology with Aristotle

*<b> Shaped intellectual landscape of medieval Europe and influenced Christian theology </b>*

Hundred Years' War

- series of conflict between England and France (1337-1453)

*<b> Shaped political and military landscape of Western Europe </b>*

The Cannon

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