DEV PSYCH - Chapter 1: The study of human development

Human Development: an evolving field, Basic concepts in human development, Influence on development, and The life-development appoach

human development

Scientific study of the systematic process of change and stability in people.

Life-span development

Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.

Describe, Explain, Predict, Intervene

The goal of the field of human development.

Describe

To establish norms, or average, for behavior at various age.

Explain

To understand the development and the acquirement of skills or behavior.

Predict

To determine possible future behavior based from the stage of development and behaviors shown.

Intervene

To create methods of interventions to solve problematic behaviors.

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

The three (3) main domain or aspect of the self.

Physical development

Domain that lookes into the growth of body and brain.

Cognitive development

Domain that looks into the patterns of change in mental abilities.

Psychosocial development

Doman that looks into the pattern of change in emotion, personality, and social relationships, In Erikson's eight (8) stage theory, socially and culturally influences process of development of the ego or self.

Social construction

Division of life span into periods. A concept or practice an invention of a particular culture or society.

Major development in (8) periods of human development

Periods generally accepted in Western industrial societies.

Individual Differences

Differences in chracteristics, influences, or development of outcomes.

Heredity and environment

Two (2) primary ways to describe the influences on development.

Heredity

Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents. Internal and biological, the influence of nature.

Environment

Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential influence on development. Influenced by nurture.

Maturation

Unfolding of natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.

Nuclear family

two-generational kinship, economic, and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren.

73%

The number of children living in famillies with with two married parents in 1st marriage (United states, 1960)

37%

Number of households composed of nuclear families.

69% children and 16% household

Number of children and household into Nuclear family (United states, 2014)

51%

Number of children under 18 yrs. old in nuclear family.

Extended Family

Multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in one household. Also seen as a traditional family form.

38%

Percentage of total population with extended family living arrangements.

Developing countries

The countries with less extended-family households percentage.

51%

Percentage of families with children with extended family living arrangements.

Industrialization and migration to urban centers

The reason for the decline in percentage of extended-family household in developing countries.

3 to 4 generation family households.

The cause of economic pressure, housing shortage, and out-of wedlock childbearing in United state.

20% or 64 million people

The record of the US population living in multigenerational families in year 2016. It's record have been steadily increasing during early 1980's.

Marrying at later ages, influx of immigrant for practicality-preference, and people living longer.

The cause of multigenerational/extended family households.

Latinos, African Americans, and Asians

Race and ethnicity more likely to live in multigenerational/extended families household.

7%

Percentage of families with children headed by single parent worldwide, considered rare family structure.

23%

Highest rate of single-parent families in United state across the globe.

Polygamy

Family structure in which one spouse, most commonly a man, is married to more than one partner. Considered unusual family structure.

3%

Percentage of families with Polygamy family structure, primarily Muslim countries.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, inclusing income, education, and occupation.

COVID-19

causes fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.

Risk factors

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative development outcome, but positive development can still occur despite this.

Culture

A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products-all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children.

Individual cultures

A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.

Collectivistic Culture

A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships.

Ethnic group

A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

Ethnic minorities

Ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population.

2.6 %

2016, estimate of percentage of the population in US with 2 or more races.

Intersectionality

An analytic framework focused on how a person's multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.

Black Lives Matter

A political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against black people through nonviolent protest and activism.

BIPOC

Acronym standing for black, indigenous and people of color.

Race

A grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct.

Ethnic gloss

Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group.

1/3 of its population

Population can no longer be addressed as “minorities” if it's population met this number of population.

Homo sapiens

All humans belong to the same taxonomic classification.

almost 14%

Percentage of US immigrant population.

¼ or 25.8%

Percentage of US children living in immigrant families in 2019.

5.7 million children or 27%

Number of children of immigrants under the age of 18 years

7%

Percentage of children of immigrant with atleast one parent undocumented.

normative

Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group.

Historical generation

A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.

Cohort

A group of people born at about the same time.

Nonnormative

Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.

Imprinting

Instinctive form of learning in which during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.

Critical period

Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development.

plasticity

Range of modifiability of performance.

plasticity

Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience.

Sensitive period

Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.

Development is lifelong

Each period of life span is affected by what happened before and will affect what is to come. Each period has unique characteristics and value. No period is more or less important than any other.

Development is multidimensional

Biological, psychological, and social dimentions interact but each may develop at varying rates.

Development is multidirectional

As people gain in one area, they may lose in another, sometimes at same time. Some abilities continue to increase and others may diminish, but some new attributes may increase with age.

Development shows plasticity

Abilities can be improved through training and practice, but limited depending on various influences development.

Development science is multidisciplinary

Human Development is studied in various other fields.

Development is Contextual

Perspective in circumstances or condition influenced by maturation & time and place (historical-culture) develops a person.

Development Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation loss

To master life conflict and competition of goals of human development.

Development is co-construction of biology, culture and individual

Biology, culture, and individual factor work together

normative history-graded influences

Influences within the life course that are correlated with historical time and are experienced by the majority of a culture.

Normative age graded influence

Biological and environmental factor that have strong correlation with chronological age.