Squelettes membres inférieurs

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Last updated 8:28 PM on 10/21/24
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24 Terms

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Os du bassin

•Sacrum
•Coccyx
•Os coxaux

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Os coxal

• Os irrégulier
• Forme la « ceinture pelvienne »
• S’articule avec le tronc
• Point d’attache pour les membres inférieurs

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quel sont les os qui forment les os coxal

• Trois os
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Fusion des trois os entre 13-15 ans

<p>• Trois os <br>• Ilium <br>• Ischium <br>• Pubis <br>• Fusion des trois os entre 13-15 ans</p>
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acétabulum

Formé par os coxal
• Reçoit la tête de du fémur
• Forme l’articulation coxo-fémorale (hanche)

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<p>Os Ilium</p>

Os Ilium

• Veut dire «flanc»
• Plus grande partie de l’os coxal

L’ilium forme la partie supérieure de l’os coxal. La partie large de l’ilium en forme d’éventail se nomme aileLes lignes glutéales antérieure, postérieure et inférieure servent de points d’attache aux muscles fessiers. 

La crête supérieure de l’ilium se nomme crête iliaque. Cette crête se présente de saillies appelées épine iliaque antérosupérieure, épine iliaque postérosupérieureépine iliaque antéro-inférieure et épine iliaque postéro-inférieure

<p>• Veut dire «flanc»<br>• Plus grande partie de l’os coxal</p><p>L’ilium forme la partie supérieure de l’os coxal. La partie large de l’ilium en forme d’éventail se nomme <strong>aile</strong>.&nbsp;<strong>Les lignes glutéales antérieure, postérieure et inférieure</strong> servent de points d’attache aux muscles fessiers.&nbsp;</p><p>La crête supérieure de l’ilium se nomme crête iliaque.&nbsp;Cette crête se présente de saillies appelées <strong>épine iliaque antérosupérieure,&nbsp;épine iliaque postérosupérieure</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>épine iliaque antéro-inférieure</strong> et <strong>épine iliaque postéro-inférieure</strong>.&nbsp;</p>
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Os Ischium

• Signifie hanche
• Parties inférieure et postérieure de l’os coxal

L’ilium se soude à l’ischium près des bords supérieur et postérieur de l’acétabulum

Les tubérosités ischiatiques supportent le poids du corps en position assise. Elles sont facilement décelables à la palpation des fesses et servent d’ancrage à différents muscles postérieurs de la cuisse et à un ligament qui les relient au sacrum.

<p>• Signifie hanche <br>• Parties inférieure et postérieure de l’os coxal</p><p>L’<strong>ilium</strong> se soude à&nbsp;l’<strong>ischium</strong> près des bords supérieur et postérieur de l’<strong>acétabulum</strong>.&nbsp;</p><p>Les tubérosités ischiatiques<strong> supportent le poids du corps en position assise</strong>.&nbsp;Elles sont facilement décelables à&nbsp;la palpation des fesses et servent d’ancrage à&nbsp;différents muscles postérieurs de la cuisse et à&nbsp;un ligament qui les relient au <strong>sacrum</strong>.</p>
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Os Pubis

• Parties inférieure et antérieure de l’os coxal
• Pubis gauche et droit reliés par la symphyse pubienne

Le pubis fusionne avec l’ilium et l’ischium au point de jonction qui constitue l’acétabulum. En position anatomique de référence, il s’oriente presque à l’horizontale. Le foramen obturé, ou trou ischiopubien, est une ouverture dans l’os coxal circonscrite par les branches de l’ischium et du pubis. Le tubercule pubien sert de point d’attache au ligament inguinal. La surface symphysaire indique l’emplacement de l’articulation entre les deux os pubiens (symphyse pubienne). 

<p>• Parties inférieure et antérieure de l’os coxal <br>• Pubis gauche et droit reliés par la symphyse pubienne</p><p><span>Le </span><strong>pubis</strong><span> fusionne avec l’</span><strong>ilium</strong><span> et l’</span><strong>ischium</strong><span> au point de jonction qui constitue l’</span><strong>acétabulum</strong><span>. En position anatomique de référence,&nbsp;il s’oriente presque à&nbsp;l’horizontale. </span><strong>Le foramen obturé</strong><span>, ou </span><strong>trou ischiopubien</strong><span>,&nbsp;est une ouverture dans l’os coxal circonscrite par les branches de l’ischium et du pubis. Le </span><strong>tubercule pubien</strong><span> sert de point d’attache au</span><strong> ligament inguinal</strong><span>. La </span><strong>surface symphysaire</strong><span>&nbsp;indique l’emplacement de l’articulation entre les deux os pubiens (</span><strong>symphyse pubienne</strong><span>).&nbsp;</span></p>
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Ceinture pelvienne chez les Femmes

•Moins massive
•Large et ovale, mais moins profonde
•Ouverture supérieure (en rouge)
•Arcade pubienne: >90°
•Incisure ischiatique plus large
•Plus petit acétabulum
•Foramen obturé plus petit et triangulaire •Sacrum: plus court et large

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Évolution avec l'âge

Les os coxaux peuvent servir d’indicateur du sexe et de l’âge d’une personne, et peuvent également permettre d’effectuer une estimation de l’âge au décès.

  • Ces estimations sont obtenues par tranches d’âge, car il peut y avoir certaines variations dans la façon dont s’opèrent les changements que subit l’os coxal en fonction de l’âge. L’étude en parallèle d’autres os, permet de renforcer la validité de l’estimation.

La surface auriculaire de l’ilium évolue en fonction de l’âge.

  • Chez les jeunes personnes, elle présente généralement une texture ondulée à grains fins. Avec le vieillissement, ces ondulations s’aplanissent, et la surface devient de plus en plus grossière et granulaire. Chez les personnes très agées, elle est encore plus rugueuse, plus irrégulière et peut présenter des signes d’arthrose.

La surface symphysaire du pubis subit aussi des changements uniformes liés à l’âge.

  • Chez le jeune adulte, la surface symphysaire présente des ondulations et un pourtour peu défini. Avec le vieillissement, cette ondulation s’aplanit et un bord osseux commence à se former sur son pourtour. Ce bord est généralement totalement formé vers l’âge de 35 à 50 ans. Une fois ce bord bien formé, la surface symphysaire se creuse et devient concave, et elle peut présenter des trous chez les personnes très âgées.

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composition des membres inférieurs

cuisse, jambe, pied
30 os

1 fémur, 1patella, 1 tibia, 1 fibula, 7 os du tarse( cheville + pied proximale), 5 métatarsiens (partie arquée du pied)

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le fémur

•Plus long, plus lourd et plus résistant du corps
•Oblique vers l’intérieur (rapproche les genoux)

Le grand trochanter fait saillie latéralement à la jonction entre le col et le corps du fémur.

Un petit trochanter se situe sur la face postéromédiale du fémur. Il s’agit d’une saillie rugueuse qui sert de point d’attache aux muscles puissants de la fesse et de la cuisse.

La tête du fémur:
-unit par un tout petit ligament à l’acétabulum
-s’articule avec l’acétabulum de l’os coxal,
présente fossette de la tête fémorale=cavité minuscule dépourvue de cartillage articulaire .
-Col rétréci et allongé (Fracture fréquente chez les personnes âgées) relie la tête du fémur au corps du fémur en formant un angle(fait que les genoux sont plus près de la ligne médiane)

La ligne pectinée sert de point d’attache au muscle pectiné.

La tubérosité glutéale sert de point d’attache au muscle grand fessier.


À l’extrémité de la partie distale du fémur se trouvent deux surfaces articulaires ovales et lisses appelées condyles médial et latéral. Des saillies appelées épicondyle médial et épicondyle latéral, respectivement, surmontent chaque condyle. Une flexion du genou permet de palper ces épicondyles dans la cuisse, sur les côtés de l’articulation du genou. Les lignes supracondylaires médiale et latérale se terminent à la hauteur de ces épicondyles. Sur la face postérodistale du fémur, une fosse intercondylaire profonde sépare les deux condyles. Une dépression médiale et lisse sur la face antérieure, appelée surface patellaire, est l’endroit où la patella s’articule avec le fémur.


<p>•Plus long, plus lourd et plus résistant du corps <br>•Oblique vers l’intérieur (rapproche les genoux)</p><p>Le <strong>grand trochanter</strong> fait saillie latéralement à&nbsp;la jonction entre le col et le corps du fémur.</p><p>Un<strong> petit trochanter</strong> se situe sur la face postéromédiale du fémur. Il s’agit d’une saillie rugueuse qui sert de point d’attache aux muscles puissants de la fesse et de la cuisse.</p><p>La <strong>tête du fémur</strong>: <br>-unit par un tout petit ligament à l’acétabulum<br>-s’articule avec l’acétabulum de l’os coxal, <br>présente fossette de la tête fémorale=cavité&nbsp;minuscule dépourvue de cartillage articulaire . <br>-Col rétréci et allongé&nbsp;(Fracture fréquente chez les personnes âgées) relie la tête du fémur au corps du fémur en formant un angle(fait que les genoux sont plus près de la ligne médiane) </p><p>La<strong> ligne pectinée</strong> sert de point d’attache au muscle pectiné.</p><p>La <strong>tubérosité&nbsp;glutéale</strong> sert de point d’attache au <strong>muscle grand fessie</strong>r.</p><p><br>À&nbsp;l’extrémité&nbsp;de la partie distale du fémur se trouvent deux surfaces articulaires ovales et lisses appelées <strong>condyles</strong> <strong>médial </strong>et <strong>latéral</strong>. Des saillies appelées<strong> épicondyle médial </strong>et <strong>épicondyle latéral</strong>, respectivement, surmontent chaque condyle. Une flexion du genou permet de palper ces épicondyles dans la cuisse, sur les côtés de l’articulation du genou. Les<strong> lignes supracondylaires</strong>&nbsp;médiale et latérale se terminent à&nbsp;la hauteur de ces épicondyles.&nbsp;Sur la face postérodistale du fémur, une <strong>fosse intercondylaire</strong>&nbsp;profonde sépare les deux condyles. Une dépression médiale et lisse sur la face antérieure, appelée <strong>surface patellaire</strong>, est l’endroit où&nbsp;la patella s’articule avec le fémur.</p><p><br></p>
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patella

La patella, ou rotule, est un gros os sésamoïde plus ou moins triangulaire logé dans le tendon du muscle quadriceps fémoral. La patella permet au tendon de bien glisser et protège l’articulation du genou. La base supérieure de la patella est large, tandis que son apex inférieur est pointu. La face postérieure de la patella présente une surface articulaire qui s’articule avec la surface patellaire du fémur.

Localisation
• Tendon du muscle quadriceps fémoral
• Ligament patellaire
• Terminaison: tubérosité tibiale

Rôles
•Protection du genou
•Augmentation du bras de levier du quadriceps

<p><span>La</span><strong> patella,</strong><span>&nbsp;ou rotule, est un gros</span><strong>&nbsp;os sésamoïde </strong><span>plus ou moins triangulaire logé&nbsp;dans le tendon du muscle quadriceps fémoral. La patella permet au tendon de </span><strong>bien glisser</strong><span> et </span><strong>protège l’articulation du genou</strong><span>. La base supérieure de la patella est large, tandis que son apex inférieur est pointu.&nbsp;La face postérieure de la patella présente une surface articulaire qui s’articule avec la surface patellaire du fémur.</span></p><p>Localisation <br>• Tendon du muscle quadriceps fémoral <br>• Ligament patellaire <br>• Terminaison: tubérosité tibiale</p><p>Rôles <br>•Protection du genou <br>•Augmentation du bras de levier du quadriceps</p>
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Angle cervico-diaphysaire

normal 120-135 degré
Coxa vara<120
Coxa valga>135

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Jambe

Deux os parallèles
•Tibia
•Fibula

Tibia
• Côté médial
• Supporte le poids du corps

Fibula
• Côté latéral
• Plusieurs muscles s’y attachent

<p>Deux os parallèles <br>•Tibia <br>•Fibula </p><p>Tibia <br>• Côté médial <br>• Supporte le poids du corps </p><p>Fibula <br>• Côté latéral <br>• Plusieurs muscles s’y attachent</p>
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morphologie de la jambe

Tubérosité tibiale: surface antérieure rugueuse du tibia située près des condyles proximaux
sert de point d’attache au ligament patellaire.

Le bord antérieur est une crête proéminente qui s’étend le long de la face antérieure du tibia, depuis la tubérosité tibiale jusqu’à la partie distale de l’os.

Le tibia se rétrécit vers sa partie distale, mais à son extrémité médiale, il forme un gros processus proéminent appelé malléole médiale. La palpation du côté médial de la cheville révèle la bosse qui constitue la malléole médiale du tibia. Le côté postérolatéral de la partie distale du tibia présente une incisure fibulaire, où vient s’articuler la fibula pour former l’articulation tibiofibulaire distale (ou inférieure). Sur la sur face inférieure de la partie distale du tibia se trouve la facette articulaire inférieure lisse qui reçoit le talus, l’un des os du tarse.


<p><strong>Tubérosité&nbsp;tibiale: surface antérieure rugueuse</strong><span> du tibia située près des condyles proximaux </span><br><span>sert de </span><strong>point d’attache au ligament patellaire</strong><span>. </span></p><p><span>Le bord antérieur est une crête proéminente qui s’étend le long de la face antérieure du tibia, depuis la tubérosité&nbsp;tibiale jusqu’à&nbsp;la partie distale de l’os.</span></p><p>Le tibia se rétrécit vers sa partie distale, mais à&nbsp;son extrémité&nbsp;médiale, il forme un gros processus proéminent appelé&nbsp;<strong>malléole médiale</strong>. La palpation du côté&nbsp;médial de la cheville révèle la bosse qui constitue la malléole médiale du tibia. Le côté&nbsp;postérolatéral de la partie distale du tibia présente une <strong>incisure fibulaire</strong>, où&nbsp;vient s’articuler la fibula pour former l’<strong>articulation tibiofibulaire distale</strong> (ou inférieure).&nbsp;Sur la sur face inférieure de la partie distale du tibia se trouve la facette articulaire inférieure lisse qui reçoit le talus,&nbsp;l’un des os du tarse.</p><p><br></p>
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tibia

Sa tête proximale présente deux surfaces relativement planes, les condyles médial et latéral, qui s’articulent avec les condyles médial et latéral du fémur, respectivement. 

Du côté postérolatéral de la partie proximale du tibia se trouve une facette articulaire fibulaire, où vient s’articuler la tête de la fibula pour former l’articulation tibiofbulaire proximale (ou supérieure).


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fibula

La tête arrondie de la fibula est en position légèrement postéro-inférieure par rapport au condyle latéral du tibia. L’extrémité distale de la fibula, appelée malléole latérale, s’étend latéralement vers l’articulation de la cheville, fournissant ainsi une stabilité latérale. La palpation du côté latéral de la cheville révèle la bosse qui constitue la malléole latérale de la fibula.

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Tarse (7)

Rangée proximal

Talus : S’insère dans la mortaise formée par le tibia et la fibula •Tout le poids du corps et toutes les forces transmises du pied au membre inférieur transitent par le talus

Calcanéus (talon): •Le plus gros os du tarse •Insertion du tendon d’Achille (tendon calcanéen)
•S’articule avec : •Talus •Cuboïde

Naviculaire:Côté médial du pied •S’articule avec : •Cuboïde •Trois os cunéiformes

Cuboïde: •Côté latéral du pied •S’articule avec : •Calcanéus •Cunéiforme •Naviculaire

Cunéiformes (3) Médial Intermédial latéral:•Médial, intermédiaire, latéral

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Métatarse (cinq os)

Les métatarsiens du pied comptent cinq os longs

Ils forment la plante arquée du pied et sont désignés par les chiffres I à V, du côté médial au côté latéral du pied. La partie proximale des métatarsiens s’articule soit avec les os cunéiformes, soit avec le cuboïde. La partie distale de chaque métatarsien s’articule avec une phalange proximale.

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Phalange(14)

Les orteils comptent en tout 14 phalanges. Le gros orteil se nomme également hallux et ne compte que deux phalanges (proximale et distale), contrairement aux quatre autres orteils qui en comptent trois chacun (proximale, moyenne et distale).

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Arcs plantaires

’aide à supporter le poids du corps et fait en sorte que les vaisseaux sanguins et les nerfs qui passent par la plante des pieds ne soient pas compressés en position debout. Les ligaments solides attachés aux os et les muscles en contraction qui tirent sur les tendons aident à maintenir la forme des arcs.

Trois arcs:
•Longitudinal médial
•Longitudinal latéral
•Transverse

•Maintenus par: forme des os, des ligaments et tendons (muscles) •Supportent et répartissent le poids du corps

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Arcs longitudinaux (médial et latéral)

•Composés des os du tarse et du métatarse
•Médial: Le plus prononcé
•Forme la « voûte plantaire »
Il comprend le calcanéus, le talus, le naviculaire, les os cunéiformes et les 3 premiers métatarsiens. Il empêche le côté médial du pied de toucher le sol. 


•Latéral: Moins prononcé
comprend le calcanéus, le cuboïde et les quatrième et cinquième métatarsiens.

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Arc transversal

•Perpendiculaire aux arcs longitudinaux
•Relie le bord médial du pied au bord latéral

comprend la rangée distale des os du tarse et la base des cinq métatarsiens.

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Pathologies

•« L’oignon » : déviation latérale de l’hallux

•Pied creux: arcs plantaire longitudinaux prononcés

•Platypodie (pied plat): affaissemenr de l’arc longitudinal médial du pied

•Pied bot congénital (varus équin) : génétique ou position anormal pendant la grossesse, pieds toourné vers l’intérieur et flexion plantaire

•Fracture de stress d’un métatarsien: application d’une pression répétitive qui fait une fissure à la surface externe de l’os (coureurs)

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note

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