TOPIC LIST FOR NEXT WEEK'S TEST

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts to solve complex tasks; do not guarantee a correct solution.

Functional Fixedness

The inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose.

Algorithms

A step-by-step approach; procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome if correctly applied.

Cognitive Bias

A systematic error in thinking that occurs when people process and interpret information, influencing decisions and judgments.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to look for information that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to second-guess a decision after the event has happened.

Representative Bias

Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they seem to match a particular prototype.

Divergent Thinking

Approaching a problem in multiple ways using new thoughts or ideas outside the norm.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve abstract problems and learn new information; decreases with age.

Crystallized Intelligence

Using knowledge accumulated over time; increases with age.

G factor (Charles Spearman)

Proposes that one general intelligence influences performance across all mental tasks.

Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)

Argues that intelligence comprises eight distinct and independent capacities, not just one ability.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Robert Sternberg)

Defines intelligence as three interconnected abilities: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Classical Conditioning

Associates an involuntary response and a stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Associates a voluntary behavior with a consequence (reinforcement or punishment).

Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

People learn behaviors through observing others within their social environment.

Piaget’s Stages

The theory suggesting children move through different stages of cognitive development.

Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

The gap between what a child knows and can perform with guidance versus what they can't do alone.

Attachment Theory

Suggests that people are born with the need to forge bonds with caregivers, affecting relationships later in life.

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

A study observing children's reactions to separation and reunion with a caregiver, revealing attachment styles.

Erikson’s Stages of Development

Describes the impact of social experience across the lifespan, with each stage having a conflict to resolve.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Traumatic events that occur before the age of 18, leading to various mental and physical health issues.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A style that enforces strict rules with punitive measures, leading to obedient but anxious children.

Authoritative Parenting Style

A nurturing style that balances structure and warmth, resulting in self-regulated and happy children.

Permissive Parenting Style

A style with few demands; children have freedom with low expectations, often leading to self-sufficient but unhappy individuals.

Uninvolved Parenting Style

A detached style with low demands and responsiveness, leading to various emotional and social difficulties in children.

Gender Identity

A person's internal experience of gender and external expression.

Gender Norms

Socially established expectations and beliefs about how individuals should behave based on their assigned gender.

Global Language Development

The theory that all children follow the same pattern of language acquisition through innate steps.

Phoneme

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

A model emphasizing the importance of environmental factors and social influences in shaping development.