A&P Exam #2- Chapters 5, 6, 7

1. What are the locations and major function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

1. What are the locations and major function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Locations: - Lungs (Alveoli) - Kidneys (glomeruli) - Skin (lines body)

Function: - Passive diffusion

2. What are the locations and functions of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

Locations: - Part of the esophagus - Integument - Lines cavities that open to the outside environment - Oral - Nasal - Vagina - Anal canal

Functions: - Protection (microbes, water loss) - Secretions - Sensation - Selective permeability

3. What are the locations and functions of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

Locations: - Lines the ducts of exocrine glands - Lines the renal tubules (kidney)

Functions: - Absorption - Secretion

4. What are the locations and functions of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

Location: - Lines the digestive tract - Stomach - Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum - Colon

Functions: - Absorption - Secretion

5. What are the locations and functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?

Locations: - Found in the trachea - Bronchial tubes (respiratory tract)

Function: - Secretes mucous (protective function)

6. Which type of connective tissue fibers are described as unbranched, "cable-like" long fibers?

Collagen fibers

7. Which type of connective tissue fibers are numerous in tendons and ligaments?

Collagen fibers

8. Which type of connective tissue fiber is similar to collagen fibers, but thinner?

Reticular fibers

9. Which type of connective tissue fibers are abundant in stroma of some organs? List one location

Reticular fibers, lymph nodes

10. Which type of connective tissue fiber contains protein elastin?

Elastic fibers

11. Which type of connective tissue fiber stretches and recoils easily?

Elastic fibers

12. Which type of connective tissue fiber are found in skin and walls of arteries?

Elastic fibers

13. Skeletal muscle tissue: a. Striated/Nonstriated? b. Intercalated discs? c. Multinucleated? d. Voluntary/Involuntary?

a. Striated b. No intercalated discs c. Multinucleated d. Voluntary

14. Cardiac muscle tissue: a. Striated/Nonstriated? b. Intercalated discs? c. Multinucleated? d. Voluntary/Involuntary?

a. Striated b. Intercalated discs c. Not multinucleated d. Involuntary

15. Smooth muscle tissue: a. Striated/Nonstriated? b. Intercalated discs? c. Multinucleated? d. Voluntary/Involuntary?

a. Nonstriated b. No intercalated discs c. Not multinucleated d. Involuntary

16. Where are cutaneous membranes found?

Covers external surface of body (skin)

17. Where are synovial membranes found?

Lines synovial joints and membranes

18. Where are serous membranes found?

Lines body cavities that aren't open to external environment

19. Where are mucous membranes found?

Lines compartments that open to external environment

20. What are the seven functions of the integument?

a. Protection from external environment b. Prevents water loss/gain c. Vitamin D (calcitriol) synthesis d. Absorption/secretion e. Temperature regulation f. Sensory reception – detects stimuli g. Immune function

21. Temperature regulation: Define vasoconstriction

Conserves heat

22. Temperature regulation: Define vasodilation

Detects stimuli

23. Wound repair: Define regeneration

Damaged cells/tissue is replaced with same type of tissue

24. Wound repair: Define fibrosis

Damaged area is filled with scar tissue

25. types of cartilage is found in the skeletal system?

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage

26. What are the four functions of bone?

a. Support and protection b. Levers for movement c. Hematopoiesis – blood cell production d. Mineral storage

27. Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

28. What minerals are stored in the bone?

Calcium and phosphate

29. Types of bone cells: What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

Divide to produce more cells (Regenerative- mitosis yields a stem cell and a "committed cell" [develop into an osteoblast])

30. Types of bone cells: What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

??????

31. Types of bone cells: What is the function of osteoblasts?

Osteoid production (bone synthesis)

32. Types of bone cells: What is the function of osteocytes?

Detects mechanical stress

33. What is derived from osteoblasts?

Osteocytes

34. Types of bone cells: What is the function of osteoclasts?

Bone resorption (breakdown of bone)

35. Cartilage growth: What is appositional growth and where does it occur?

Growth in width, occurs at the perimeter (perichondrium)

36. Cartilage growth: What is interstitial growth and where does it occur?

Growth in length, occurs internally (within the cartilage)

37. Cartilage growth: What do chondrocytes do?

Produce new cartilage

38. Bone growth: What is appositional growth and where does it occur?

Width, occurs at periosteum

39. Bone growth: What is interstitial growth and where does it occur?

Length, occurs at epiphyseal plate, zones 1-5

40. What are the seven vitamins and hormones that affect bone growth/regulate calcium levels?

a. Growth hormone b. Thyroid hormone c. Estrogen and testosterone d. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) e. Vitamin D (calcitriol) f. Calcitonin g. Vitamin C

41. What do growth hormones do?

Stimulates production of somatomedin – stimulates epiphyseal plate

42. What do thyroid hormones do?

Stimulates epiphyseal plate

43. What do estrogen and testosterone do?

Accelerate growth at epiphyseal plate

44. What do Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Increase release of calcium from bone (osteoclast); decrease calcium excretion and increases its reabsorption in kidneys

45. What does Vitamin D (calcitriol) do?

Increase calcium absorption from digestive tract

46. What does calcitonin do?

Decrease calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

47. What does Vitamin C do?

Needed for collagen synthesis

48. What is merocrine secretion?

Secretion released by exocytosis

49. What is apocrine secretion?

Apical portion of cell breaks down, allows secretions to be released

50. What is holocrine secretion?

Entire cell breaks and dissolves so secretions and all cell fragments are releases

51. What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

52. Which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells?

Stratum basale

53. What are the functions of melanin and which layer of the epidermis is it found in?

• Contributes to skin color and protects from uv light

• Stratum basale

54. Where is the stratum lucidum layer of the epidermis found?

Only in thick skin

55. What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

56. Which layer of the epidermis contains dead, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Stratum corneum

57. What increases surface area of the dermis?

Dermal papillae connected to epidermal ridges

58. Which layer of the dermis contains the eccrine?

Reticular layer

59. Which part of the skin is not part of the integument?

Subcutaneous level

60. Which part of the skin contains adipose tissue?

Subcutaneous layer

61. Which three molecules contribute to skin pigmentation?

Hemoglobin, carotene, melanin

62. Skin pigmentation: What does hemoglobin do and what does it look like?

Binds oxygen, bright red color

63. Skin pigmentation: What do orange vegetable create in the skin?

Carotene

64. Skin pigmentation: What determines the amount of melanin in someone's skin?

Genetics

65. What are the four cells of connective tissue?

Fibroblast, adipocytes, macrophages, mesenchymal cells

66. Connective tissue cells: What do fibroblast cells do?

Produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix

67. Connective tissue cells: Where are adipocyte cells found?

Adipose connective tissue-- dominant area of large clusters

68. Connective tissue cells: What do mesenchymal cells do?

Divide to replace damaged cells (one replaces mesenchymal cell, other becomes committed cell)

69. Connective tissue cells: What do fixed macrophage cells do?

• Engulf damaged cells or pathogens

• Release chemicals that stimulate immune system/attract wandering cells

70. Which connective tissue cell is flat with tapered ends and is most abundant resident cell in CT proper?

Fibroblasts

71. Ground substance is the liquid portion that can be what?

Solid or semisolid

72. Which part of blood is a ground substance?

Blood plasma

73. What does blood plasma contain that dissolved in plasma?

Proteins

74. Nervous tissue: What are the four structures of neurons?

Cell body, dendrites, axon, glial cells

75. Nervous tissue: What is the cell body?

Large portion that contains the nucleus

76. Nervous tissue: What is the function of dendrites?

Receive incoming signals and transmit information

77. Nervous tissue: What is the function of the axon?

Carries outgoing signals to other cells

78. Nervous tissue: What is the function of glial cells?

Responsible for protection, nourishment, and support of neurons

79. Nervous tissue: Do glial cells transmit nerve impulses?

No

80. Put the following layers of the epidermis in order from superficial to deep:

• Stratum lucidum

• Stratum granulosum

• Stratum basale

• Stratum spinosum

• Stratum corneum

• Stratum corneum

• Stratum lucidum

• Stratum granulosum

• Stratum spinosum

• Stratum basale

81. Bone tissue: What is hyaline cartilage of composed of?

Collagen fibers which are produced by chondroblast

82. Bone tissue: What does hyaline cartilage do and where is it found?

F: Provides support, bone flexibility L: Nose, trachea, larynx, costal cartilage, articular ends of long bones, most of fetal skeleton

83. Bone tissue: What is fibrocartilage?

Intercalated discs of vertebrae

84. Bone tissue: What does fibrocartilage do and where is it found?

F: Support and protection L: Knees, between vertebrae of back

85. Bone formation: What is intramembranous ossification and which bones does it form?

Thickened mesenchyme

• Flat bones of skull, some facial bones, mandible (jaw), center part of the clavicle (collar bone)

86. Bone formation: What is endochondral ossification and which bones does it form?

Hyaline cartilage model

• Most bones of skeleton: Bones of limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle

87. Bone formation: Put the following steps of intramembranous ossification in order-

a. Formation of lamellar bone b. Ossification center forms in thickened mesenchyme c. Formation of woven bone d. Calcification of osteoid

b. Ossification center forms in thickened mesenchyme d. Calcification of osteoid c. Formation of woven bone a. Formation of lamellar bone

88. Bone formation: Put the following steps of endochondral ossification in order-

a. Cartilage calcifies, periosteal bone collar forms b. Secondary ossification center in epiphysis c. Primary ossification center in diaphysis d. Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops

d. Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops a. Cartilage calcifies, periosteal bone collar forms c. Primary ossification center in diaphysis b. Secondary ossification center in epiphysis

89. What do merocrine glands secrete and where?

Sweat onto skin surface

90. What do apocrine glands secrete and where?

Viscous cloudy secretions into hair follicles located in axillae, around nipples, in pubic and anal region

91. What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?

Oily sweat (sebum) into hair follicle

92. Hair follicles are found in which type of skin?

Thin skin

93. Where are sensory nerves and blood vessels found in the skin?

Dermis

94. What is the dermis primarily composed of?

Irregular connective tissue

95. What are the two modified apocrine sweat glands?

Ceruminous glands, mammary glands

96. What do ceruminous glands secrete?

Waterproof earwax, cerumen

97. What do mammary glands secrete?

Breast milk