[02.12] Public Health Communication and Social Mobilization V2.pdf

Sir William Osler

Who is considered the Father of Modern Medicine and created the first residency program for specialty training of physicians?

To educate the masses not to take medicine

According to Sir William Osler, what is one of the first duties of a physician?

Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of the Johns Hopkins Hospital

Who was Sir William Osler?

First to bring medical students out of the lecture hall for bedside clinical training

Besides creating the first residency program, what other significant contribution did Sir William Osler make to medical education?

Accurate, Relevant, Concise, Timely, Complete

What five characteristics must information have to be considered effective communication?

Sender, Receiver, Message, Channel, Feedback

What are the five important components of the communication process?

Healthcare stakeholders and patients

Who can be examples of both senders and receivers in the communication process in healthcare?

Medium for which the information is shared

What does 'channel' refer to in the communication process?

Knowing what is the effect of the process

What does 'feedback' involve in the communication process?

Imparting or exchanging information and the successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings

What is the definition of communication?

Ensure the best diagnosis and treatment of patients

What is the outcome of rigorously ensuring accurate information sharing among healthcare professionals?

Respectful, Accurate, Clear, Timely, Compassionate, Patient-centered, Family-focused, Community-oriented

What eight qualities must communication between healthcare professionals and patients possess?

The study of communication as it relates to health

What is the definition of health communication according to Raztan, Payne, & Bishop (1996)?

The art and technique of informing, influencing, and motivating individual, institutional, and public audiences about important health issues

What is the formal definition of health communication according to the US Department of Health and Human Services (2000)?

Enhancement of the quality of life and health of individuals within the community

What is the scope of health communication?

Disease prevention and health promotion, Healthcare policy, Business of healthcare

Besides enhancing the quality of life and health, what other areas does the scope of health communication include?

Health information and research

What is a core function in the World Health Organization (WHO) Systems Building Blocks?

Production, analysis, dissemination, and use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health system performance, and health status

What does a well-functioning health information system ensure?

Ensures that people in the community have timely, reliable, and complete information

How does health communication ensure oversight in the community?

Generating, sharing, demanding, and using information for oversight

What does health communication entail regarding information?

Medical communication, Messages framing for health promotion, Role of internet in health information-seeking, Patient-provider communication, Health and medical informatics, Health communication campaigns

Name at least three areas of study in health communication.

Patient-provider communication

Which area of study in health communication focuses on creating shared meaning about healthcare and conditions in the patient-provider encounter?

To recognize the growing number of non-physician healthcare professionals involved in patient care

Why has the term 'physician' been replaced with 'provider' in health communication research?

Nurses, physical therapists, pharmacists

Give examples of non-physician healthcare professionals involved in patient care.

Skills and forms of communication

What does patient-provider communication specifically concern in the patient-provider relation?

Better understanding of illness, Improved patient adherence to medication and management, Building patient-provider shared decision regarding healthcare management

What are three positive health outcomes that effective patient-provider communication can lead to?

Medical and health informatics

Which area of study in health communication is concerned with the role of communication technology in the transfer of information between people and information sources?

The pandemic and the availability of and access to new technologies

What have been large factors shaping present healthcare and patients' management of illness?

Electronic health records

What do many patients have that allows healthcare providers to follow up on them via Internet platforms?

To better understand their illnesses and share their concerns and fears

Why do patients with acute symptoms or chronic illnesses often use the web?

Overabundance of information, Difficulty judging the quality of information, Challenges in making informed decisions

What are the three main challenges in online health information?

Critically evaluate the information they find to make informed decisions and improve their health status

What must individuals do to make informed decisions regarding online health information?

Navigate the tremendous amount of health information online, judge the quality of such information, and make an informed decision as to treatment and health management

What ability does Dr. Abrogena emphasize as crucial for better health status regarding online information?

Mass health communication campaigns

What is a popular method of health communication meant to educate and persuade individuals regarding health issues using mass communication channels?

Awareness and Education

What are the fundamental goals of mass health communication campaigns?

Notice, Learn, Change in Behavior

What are the three primary goals of health communication campaigns?

Campaign posters, t-shirts, newspapers, flyers

What materials can be used to achieve the goal of ensuring a health communication message is noticed?

Education about public health issues (e.g., hypertension, obesity, smoking, COVID-19 response), Wide Reach to large and hard-to-reach audiences, Cost-Effective dissemination of health information

What are the three advantages of health communication campaigns?

Overestimation of what can be conveyed in a short time, Difficulty in attracting attention and ensuring credibility of the message

What are two challenges and limitations of health communication campaigns?

Advertisements often fail to achieve all communication goals in limited time frames

What is the main challenge of overestimation in health communication campaigns, especially with advertisements?

The audience must find the message credible

Before an audience can use information from a health communication campaign for target health behavior, what must they first find?

Educational and Emotional Appeals

What two methods do messages in health communication campaigns often rely on to influence audiences?

Importance of voluntary blood donation or harmful effects of behaviors like smoking

Give an example of a benefit or harmful effect that audiences can learn from educational appeals in health communication campaigns.

Threat or fear

What common methods do emotional appeals use to highlight the harmful effects of ill-advised behaviors?

Patient-provider interactions

What communication channel may be more effective than mass communication channels in delivering health messages and motivating behavior change?

They allow for direct communication, which can be more personalized and impactful

Why might patient-provider interactions be more effective than mass communication channels for health messages?

Small to moderate effects on health knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

What impact do implemented health communication campaigns typically generate?

The wide reach of mass media

Despite limitations, what remains a significant advantage of mass health communication campaigns?

Extensive knowledge of health, excellent command of communication skills, and a good grasp of communication technology

What three key attributes are needed for a career in health communication?

Addressing problems like alcoholism, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and facing an aging population and healthcare reform

What makes a career in health communication promising and rewarding?

Health promotion and disease prevention, Adherence to curative management, Institutionalizing rehabilitative and palliative care

What spectrum of care does health communication cover?

Effective communication

What cannot be over-emphasized when delivering value-based and patient-centered healthcare?

The medium through which a message is sent to the receiver/s

What is a channel of communication?

Verbal, Written, Electronic

What are the three main types of channels of communication?

Ensure that it is received and understood as intended

Why is it important to adopt the most appropriate channel for the message being communicated?

The increase in availability and use of electronic devices

What has led to a significant growth in new and novel ways to communicate internally and externally in recent years?

Face-to-face or in-person interactions, Video conferences/online platforms, Verbal communication electronically transmitted

What are the three forms of verbal communication?

Consistency with verbal communication

What is important for nonverbal communication in face-to-face interactions?

Message credibility, greater clarity, and meaning

What does consistency between verbal and nonverbal communication allow for?

Face-to-face or in-person interactions

Which form of verbal communication generates the highest level of information richness?

Provides opportunity for immediate feedback

What is an advantage of face-to-face communication regarding feedback?

Video conferences/Online platforms

Which form of verbal communication has increased substantially since the COVID-19 pandemic?

Cost-effective, time-efficient, and safe

What are three advantages of video conferences/online platforms for communication?

Tone of voice and silence

Which nonverbal cues are facilitated in verbal communication electronically transmitted (e.g., telephone calls without camera)?

Information richness once the verbal communication is clear and concise

When does verbal communication electronically transmitted have information richness?

Letters, emails, reports, text messages

What are examples of written/electronic communication?

Appropriate professional grammar, punctuation, and language

What must be ensured in written/electronic communication?

Individuals are more concise with what they document in writing compared to what they say when speaking

How do individuals tend to be when documenting in writing compared to speaking?

Provides a formal documented record of communication

What is a key advantage of written/electronic communication?

It can be requested to ensure understanding

When is feedback usually requested for written/electronic communication?

Any obstacle in the communication process from the sender, receiver, or external factors that inhibits the process of effective communication

What is a barrier of communication?

All too common among healthcare professionals

How prevalent are communication barriers in healthcare settings?

Detrimental to patient outcomes

What can communication barriers be in healthcare?

Socio-cultural, Psychological, Organizational, Message filtering, Conflicting messages, Communication climate

What are the six categories of barriers to communication in healthcare?

Language, Jargon, Cultural values and beliefs, Stereotyping

What are the four socio-cultural barriers to communication in healthcare?

The lack of fluency and inability to understand the nuances of the language

What aspect of language can be a barrier in healthcare communication?

Unexplained medical terminology

What is jargon?

Misinterpretation due to different values, use, beliefs, and religions

What has a higher risk when communication occurs across cultural boundaries?

Predict individual behavior based on their membership of a group

What is stereotyping?

Significant inaccuracies and lead to a major breakdown in communication

What can stereotyping result in?

Perception, Poor listening skills, Emotional interference

What are the three psychological barriers to communication in healthcare?

Individual’s understanding of reality

What is perception?

Information that is in conflict with these perceptions is filtered

What happens to information that conflicts with an individual's perceptions?

Failure to fully engage and listen with full attention

What defines poor listening skills?

Both positive and negative emotions

What does emotional interference refer to?

A more balanced and objective approach

What approach is more effective than emotional interference in communication?

Constant information overload

What challenge in healthcare organizations results from information coming from all channels and directions?

Messages are filtered, thereby diluting the clarity of the message

What happens during message filtering when information is passed on to others?

Credibility is undermined and the risk of error is increased

What happens when there are conflicting messages in healthcare?

Open and accessible channels of communication among and between staff at all levels in the organization

What does 'communication climate' refer to in healthcare?

Accurate, relevant, timely, and complete messages

What type of messages should senders provide?

Appropriate language and terminology that the receiver/s will understand

How should senders encode messages?

Relational, environmental, and cultural context, as well as the content of the communication

What four contexts should senders consider when communicating?

China, Japan, or Korea

Give examples of high context cultures.

Germany, Australia, or the Americas

Give examples of low context cultures.

Communicate by body language, tone, and general context

How do high context cultures communicate?

Communicate directly and explicitly

How do low context cultures communicate?

Ensure consistency

If more than one channel is being used, what should senders ensure?

Trust and credibility among the team

What do consistent and reliable communication build?

Honest, respectful, empathetic, and compassionate

How should senders be in their communication?