Med Term Chap 2 - Body structure, Oncology, Laboratory Tests

cell

basic unit of all living things

cell membrane

forms the boundary of the cell

cytoplasm

gel-like fluid inside the cell

nucleus

largest structure within cell

contains chromosomes for cell reproduction

control center for cellular activity

chromosomes

in nucleus of cell

46 in normal human cells, except for mature sex cells which have 23

genes

regions within chromosomes

each chrom. has thousands

DNA

genetic material that regulates activities of the cell

tissue

a group of similar cells that performs a specific function

muscle tissue

composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement

nervous tissue

group of cells found in nerves, spinal cord, brain

responsible for coordinating and controlling body activites

connective tissue

connects, supports, penetrates, encases various body structures

adipose, osseous, blood, and fibrous tissue

epithelial tissue

major covering of the external surface of the body

forms membranes that line body cavities/organs

glandular tissues that secrete substances

organ

two or more types of tissues that perform special body functions

ex: skin is made of epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissues

viscera

large internal orans contained in the body cavities, especially in abdominal cavities

system

a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions

genome

the complete set of info in the DNA of a specific organism

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, glands

forms a protective covering for body

regulates body temp

helps manufacture vitamin D

respiratory system

nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs

performs respiration (exchange of o2/co2 from body)

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

removes waste, regulates fluid volume, maintains electrolyte concentration

reproductive system

female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

male - testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, associated tubes

responsibly for (passing on genes) and reproduction

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

pumps/transports blood throughout body

lymphatic/immune system

network of vessels, ducts, nodes, organs

defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid

digestive system

composed of gastrointestinal tract -includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

prepares food for use, gets rid of waste

musculoskeletal system

muscle, bones, joints,

movement and framework for body

protects vital organs, stores calcium, produces red blood cells

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (ear/eye)

regulates body activity by sending/receiving messages

endocrine system

composed of glands that secrete hormones that regulate body activity

cranial cavity

space inside skull that contains the brain

spinal cavity

space inside the spinal column containing spinal cord

thoracic cavity

space containing heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, mediastinal area (central compartment of chest)

pelvic cavity

space containing urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of small/large intestine, anus

abdominopelvic cavity

both abdominal + pelvic cavities

aden/o

gland

cyt/o

cell

epitheli/o

epithelium

fibr/o

fiber

hemat/o

blood

hist/o

tissue

lip/o

fat

my/o

muscle

neur/o

nerve

organ/o

organ

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

system/o

system

viscer/o

internal organs

aut/o

self

bi/o

life

cancer/o

cancer

carcin/o

cancer

cancer

a disease characterized by the unregulated, abnormal growth of new cells

crypt/o

hidden

necr/o

death (cells, body)

eti/o

cause (of disease)

gno/o

knowledge

iatr/o

physician, medicine (also means treatment)

leio/o

smooth

onc/o

tumor, mass

path/o

disease

rhabd/o

rod-shaped, striated

somat/o

body

vir/o

virus

cyan/o

blue

erythr/o

red

leuk/o

white

melan/o

black

xanth/o

yellow

dia-

thorough, complete

dys-

painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

hyper-

above, excessive

hypo-

below, incomplete, deficient, under

meta-

after, beyond, change

micro-

small

neo-

new

pro-

before

-al, -ic, -ous

pertaining to

-cyte

cell

-gen

substance or agent that produces or causes

-genic

producing, originating, causing

-logist

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)

-logy

study of

-megaly

enlargement

-oid

resembling

-oma

tumor, swelling

-opsy

view of, viewing

-osis

abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word roots)

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

-plasm

growth, substance, formation

-sarcoma

malignant tumor

-sis

state of

-stasis

control, stop, standing

benign

not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery

biological therapy

treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers (BRM) that alter the immune system’s interaction with cancer cells

carcinoma in situ

cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue

in situ

in place, not moving around

chemotherapy

treatment of cancer with drugs

encapsulated

enclosed within a capsule, like benign or malignant tumors haven’t spread beyond the capsule of the organ which it originated

hospice

provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families (6 mo or less)

malignant

tending to become progressively worse, cause death (as in cancer)

palliative

providing relief but not cure

symptom management

not always hospice care

neoadjuvant therapy

a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment

ex: administering chemo or radiation therapy to a patient before therapy