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16 Terms
1
Witch Hunts
Historical events where individuals, particularly the vulnerable, were persecuted, often by the wealthy, to consolidate power.
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2
Cesare Beccaria
An influential philosopher who contributed to modern criminology, emphasizing the rationality of criminals and the need for laws based on clear consequences.
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3
Atavistic Traits
Physical characteristics believed by Lombroso to be indicative of criminals, distinguishing them as 'sub-human'.
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4
Crime Categories
Classified into three types: Indictable (high-level), Summary (low-level), and Hybrid (can be prosecuted as either).
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5
Deviance
Behaviors that violate social norms, which may not always be illegal.
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6
Deterrence Theory
The theory that fear of punishment will prevent criminal behavior, requiring certainty, swiftness, and appropriateness in responses.
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7
Self-Report Victimization Data
Data collected that allows victims to report their experiences without fear of legal repercussions, used to enhance crime statistics accuracy.
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8
General Social Survey (G.S.S)
A survey conducted every five years that helps sociologists collect crime statistics from the public.
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9
Differential Association Theory
Sutherland's theory that crime is learned through interactions in small, intimate groups, focusing on attitudes and techniques.
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10
Strain Theory
Merton's theory suggesting that crime is a result of stress or strain within society, often related to societal goals and means.
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11
Eugenics
The practice of forced sterilization of individuals deemed to have low intelligence, linked to attempts to control crime rates.
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12
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
A comprehensive system for collecting and analyzing crime statistics from law enforcement agencies.
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13
The Dark Figure of Crime
The term used to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.
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14
Absolute Poverty
A condition where individuals are unable to meet basic needs for survival, such as food and shelter.
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15
Relative Poverty
A comparative measure where individuals are poorer than a significant portion of the population.
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16
Social Inequality
The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups in society.
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