Sociology Midterm

Witch Hunts

Historical events where individuals, particularly the vulnerable, were persecuted, often by the wealthy, to consolidate power.

Cesare Beccaria

An influential philosopher who contributed to modern criminology, emphasizing the rationality of criminals and the need for laws based on clear consequences.

Atavistic Traits

Physical characteristics believed by Lombroso to be indicative of criminals, distinguishing them as 'sub-human'.

Crime Categories

Classified into three types: Indictable (high-level), Summary (low-level), and Hybrid (can be prosecuted as either).

Deviance

Behaviors that violate social norms, which may not always be illegal.

Deterrence Theory

The theory that fear of punishment will prevent criminal behavior, requiring certainty, swiftness, and appropriateness in responses.

Self-Report Victimization Data

Data collected that allows victims to report their experiences without fear of legal repercussions, used to enhance crime statistics accuracy.

General Social Survey (G.S.S)

A survey conducted every five years that helps sociologists collect crime statistics from the public.

Differential Association Theory

Sutherland's theory that crime is learned through interactions in small, intimate groups, focusing on attitudes and techniques.

Strain Theory

Merton's theory suggesting that crime is a result of stress or strain within society, often related to societal goals and means.

Eugenics

The practice of forced sterilization of individuals deemed to have low intelligence, linked to attempts to control crime rates.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

A comprehensive system for collecting and analyzing crime statistics from law enforcement agencies.

The Dark Figure of Crime

The term used to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.

Absolute Poverty

A condition where individuals are unable to meet basic needs for survival, such as food and shelter.

Relative Poverty

A comparative measure where individuals are poorer than a significant portion of the population.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups in society.