Unit 4 Hnrs Bio Study Guide

function of the mouth?

function of the mouth?

mechanical & chemical digestion

function of the esophagus?

transports materials to the stomach

function of the stomach?

chemical breakdown of materials & stores food

function of the small intestine?

nutrient absorption & enzymatic digestion

function of the large intestine?

reabsorbs most of the water that isn’t reabsorbed in small intestine

function of the pancreas?

produces enzymes

function of the liver?

secretion of bile

function of gallbladder?

storage & concentration of bile

4 phases of the digestive system?

1. ingestion

2. digestion

3. absorption

4. elimination

ingestion is…

the act of eating

digestion is…

breaking food into smaller molecules

absorption is…

moving materials into the body

elimination is…

excreting undigested materials

mechanical digestion?

the physical breakdown of chunks of food (ex: chewing)

chemical digestion?

use of enzymes & acid to dissolve & break down complex molecules into smaller molecules that could be absorbed into the bloodstream

catabolism?

breakdown of complex molecules to smaller/simpler ones

anabolism?

building of complex molecules from smaller/simpler ones

hydrolysis?

breakdown of polymers into monomers using water

dehydration synthesis?

bonds molecules together by ridding of water

how are enzymes involved in digestion?

enzymes break down complex molecules into smaller molecules to be absorbed into the bloodstream (chemical digestion)

4 levels of making proteins

1. Primary structure

2. Secondary structure

3. Tertiary structure

4. Quaternary structure

primary structure:

amino acid sequence

secondary structure:

hydrogen bonds between amino acids

tertiary structure:

interactions between variable R-groups

Quaternary structure:

multiple polypeptide chains wrapped together

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?

amylase

enzyme that breaks down lipids?

lipase

enzyme that breaks down proteins?

protease

enzyme that breaks down nucleic acid?

nuclease

monomer of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

monomer of lipids?

3 fatty acid tails & glycerol

monomer of proteins?

amino acids

monomer of nucleic acid?

nucleotide

4 nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid?

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

functions of carbohydrates?

energy source

functions of lipids?

energy storage

insulation & protection

hormone building block

functions of proteins?

structure

transporting materials

defense/immunity

functions of nucleic acid?

carries genetic information

makes proteins