science end of year final

What is the name of the meter used to measure force?

Newtonmeter

What force acts downwards on a ball?

Gravity

What force acts between a block and a table?

Friction

What type of force is air resistance?

Non-contact force

What type of force is the attraction between magnets?

Non-contact force

What pulls a dog downwards?

The force of gravity

What are the balanced vertical forces of action and reaction?

Forces acting in opposite directions that are equal in size.

What causes the Moon to move in a circular path?

The force of gravity.

What happens when balanced horizontal forces pull in opposite directions?

The object remains at rest or moves at a constant speed.

What is the effect of friction on tires when a car is speeding up?

Friction acts in the opposite direction to the motion.

What is the effect of friction on tires when a car is slowing down?

Friction acts in the direction of the motion to help stop the car.

What is a series circuit?

A circuit that contains one loop.

What is a parallel circuit?

A circuit that contains more than one loop.

What is the role of a resistor in a circuit?

to reduces and limits the current flow.

What is the expected pattern of current in a series circuit?

The current remains the same throughout the circuit.

What is the expected pattern of current in a parallel circuit?

The current is shared between branches.

What is the expected pattern of potential difference in a series circuit?

The potential difference is divided among the different parts

What is the expected pattern of potential difference in a parallel circuit?

The potential difference is the same across all branches.

Why is current the same in all places in a series circuit?

Because there is only one path for the current to flow.

Why is current shared between branches in a parallel circuit?

Because there are multiple paths for the current to flow.

What is the difference between a series circuit compared to a parallel circuit?

A series circuit has a single path, while a parallel circuit has multiple paths.

What is the independent variable?

The independent variable is the variable that is changed

what is the dependent variable?

The dependent variable is the variable that is measured

what is the control variable?

variable that stays the same

What is the expected outcome when comparing potential differences in series and parallel circuits?

Potential differences will change in series circuits but remain the same in parallel circuits.

what is the formula for calculating moments?

force x distance from pivot

where does a turning force act?

a certain distance from a pivot. the effect is called a moment.

what is a turning force measured in?

newton metres

what is a contact force?

a force that is only felt when 2 or more objects touch.

what is a force?

A force is a push or a pull.

is friction a contact force?

yes

what is it called when an object gets squashed?

compression

what is it called when an object gets stretched?

tension

what is hooke's law?

if extension doubles when the force doubles, the object obeys hooke's law.

what is magnetism

magnetism is a non contact force, which means the magnets dont have to touch for a force to be felt.

what is a magnetic field?

a region of space where a magnetic object would experience a force.

what is work done equal to?

work done = energy transferred. whenever energy is transferred from one form to another, work is being done.

what is the formula for work?

work = force x distance

How do levers make work easier?

they increase the size of a force. they change a small input force to a larger output force(a force magnifier)

how does light travel?

straight lines

why do we see?

light reflects off objects

when can transparent objects be seen?

when light changes direction

an element cant be split. true or false

true. an element is a simple substance and cannot be spilt by chemical reactions.

define an element.

an element only has one type of atom.

define a compound

2 or more types of atoms chemically bonded together

define a mixture

2 or more different types of atoms not chemically joined.

define a molecule

2 or more atoms chemically bonded together. if the atoms are the same in a molecule, it is still an element

What are the diatomic molecules?

hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine oxygen, iodine, chlorine, bromine. these are the only molecules that go around in pairs.

what is found in the nucleus?

protons(positive) and neutrons(neutral).

What orbits the nucleus?

electrons

in an element box, what is found above the symbol?

the mass number(neutrons+protons)

in an element box, what is found below the symbol?

the atomic number(amount of protons)

how can the amount of electrons be worked out?

the number on positive protons and negative electrons are always the same. electrons are not inside the nucleus.

what is the charge on a nucleus?

positive, always.

what is the charge on an atom?

neutral, always.

what are electrons arranged in?

shells

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

2.

How many electrons can the second shell hold?

8.

How many electrons can the third shell hold?

8.

what does it mean if a compound name ends in ide?

it is only those 2 elements (eg, zinc+iodine= zinc iodide)

what does it mean if a compound name ends in ate?

it is those 2 elements plus oxygen. (iron+ sulfur +oxygen= iron sulfate)

why do atoms bond?

To become more stable and have a full outer shell of electrons

what is an ion?

a particle with charge, which is caused by an inbalance of electrons and protons.

how do ions get their charge?

by gaining or losing electrons

what does a formula show

what atoms are in a compound, and the ratio of atoms.

what are polymers made from?

Monomers (simple building blocks)

what is thermal decompostition?

decomposition is when a complex molecule breaks down to form 2 or more simpler products. thermal decomposition is using heat to speed up the process.

what is combustion?

the process of burning something.

what happens in a combustion reaction?

a substance combines with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat or light, as well as carbon dioxide and water.

what blood vessels surround air sacs?

capillaries.

How does oxygen get around the body?

first through the mouth, then trachea,then bronchi, then bronchus, then bronchioles,then alveoli, then blood, then finally cells.

What does the diapragm do?

contracts to increase volume of chest.

What do the intercostal muscles do?

contracts to pull ribcage up and outward.

what do the alveoli do?

increase surface area in the lungs for gas exchange

what are the capillaries?

small blood vessels that carry gases to and away from the alveoli.

why does breathing rate increase with exercise?

Muscles need more oxygen for respiration to release energy

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

respiration is the same as breathing. true or false?

False

what is respiration?

The release of energy from glucose inside cells. it is a chemical reaction, and is needed to create energy

where in the cell does respiration take place?

mitochondria

aerobic respiration requires oxygen. true or false

true.

what is anaerobic respiration?

respiration without oxygen. when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to a certain part, those cells switch to anaerobic respiration.

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

glucose --> lactic acid + (energy)

what equation happens after anaerobic respiration ends?s

lactic acid + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

lactic acid causes pain, which can also be known as cramp. true or false

true.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

What is a series circuit?

A circuit that has only one path for the electric current to flow. everything is connected.

What is a Parrallel Circuit?

a circuit that has multiple paths for the electric current to flow

What is potential difference?

Voltage - it pushes the electric charge around the circuit

how do you calculate potential difference?

potential difference (V) = current (A) x resistance (Ω)

what is potential difference measured in?

Volts (V) using a voltmeter

What are the properties of a solid?

Solids have a fixed shape, cannot be compressed, and do not take the shape of their container.

What is the state of a wooden block based on the properties observed?

Solid.

Can a solid be compressed?

No, solids cannot be compressed.

Do liquids take the shape of their container?

Yes, liquids take the shape of their container.

What is the characteristic of gases regarding shape and volume?

Gases do not have a fixed shape or volume and will expand to fill their container.

How many hydrogen particles are in a water molecule?

Two

What are the primary colors of light?

Red, green, and blue.

What happens when red light passes through a red filter?

Red light passes through the red filter but not the green filter.