A&P 2 Unit 2 Study Review

Vocabulary flashcards for BIOL 2402 Test 2 Review covering Chapters 19, 20, and 21, based on provided lecture notes.

Intercalated Discs and associated structures (Ch.19)

Intercalated Discs:

-Where 2 heart muscle cells connect to each other

Associated structures:

Desmosomes: Very strong connections keeping cells together (Staples)

Gap junctions: Tunnels that allow cytoplasm to move b/w cells (Passageway)

Autorhythmic vs. Contractile cardiac Cells (Ch.19)

• Know the Graphs (In general what is happening between the two)

• Know the characteristics of each type

Action potential enters Gap junctions (Both)

Contractile cardiac cells: (Graph)

• Resting membrane potential: - 90

• Refractory Period: Cannot fire another action potential during the refractory period

Autorhythmic cardiac cells: (Graph)

• No resting membrane potential

• Threshold: - 40

• Pacemaker potential: Sets heart rate by I_f channels; are leaky to more sodium (Na+) + potassium (K+)

Trace of the Conduction system through the heart (Ch.19)

Autorhythmic Cells make up all the parts of the Electrical conduction system.

Electrical conduction system: (of Heart)

1) SA node (pace set, fastest)

Goes into the Internodal pathways:

2) AV node (1/20 pace, slowest)

3) AV bundle

4) R & L Bundle branches

5) Purkinje Fibers

What do valves do? (Ch.19)

Valves prevent backflow

Preload and Afterload (Ch.19)

Preload:

The amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts

Afterload:

Pressure in arteries above semilunar valves opposes opening of valves

What is Cardiac Output? (CO) (Ch.19)

Definition: The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle throughout the body in one minute

Formula: (CO = SV X HR)

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

Units: Volume over min

What is Stroke Volume? (SV)

Definition: The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle throughout the body in one beat

Formula: (EDV - ESV = SV)

Diastolic volume - Systolic volume = Stroke volume

Units: Volume over beat

Chronotropic vs. Ionotropic (Ch.19)

Chronotropic - associated with heart rate

Ionotropic - associated with contractility

What is an EEG (know associated structures/waves) (Ch.19)

P wave: Atrial Depolarization; becomes more positive

QRS wave: Ventricular Depolarization; ventricles become more positive. (Hidden → Atrical Repolrization; atrial becomes more negative)

T wave: Ventricular Repolarization; ventricles become more negative

Be able to relate events in the Cardiac cycle to the Wigger’s Diagram (Ch.19)

Electrical event: (Heart sounds)

• QRS wave = ventricular depolarization, which leads to S1 (closure of AV valves; tri &bi).

  “Ventricular systole”

• T wave = ventricular repoarization, which happens around the time of S2 (closure of semilunar valves).

  “Ventricular diastole”

Mechanical event:

Depolarization = Systole → Contraction

Repolarization = Diastole → Relaxation

What is the Frank Sterling Law (Ch.20)

The more the heart fills (increasing preload), the stronger it contracts → ( increasing stroke volume)

Anatomy of Arteries vs. Veins (Ch. 20)

Arteries: Thicker wall; smaller lumen, pump blood away from the heart; oxygenated blood

Veins: (Biggest diameter) Thin wall; bigger lumen, pump blood toward the heart; deoxygenated blood

Vessels that provide the most resistance to flow vs. which help maintain blood pressure? (Ch.20)

Arterioles vessels provide the most resistance flow & smooth muscle

BP regulation happens in vessels that have the smooth muscles

BP is maintained by vessels that have elastic tissue for stretching (aorta)

Types of Capillaries and where are they found (Ch.20)

Continuous: (allow flow)

→ Found in: (Majority of capillaries) Connective tissue, muscle, and nerve tissue

Fenestrated: (Have holes)

→ Found in: Glomerulus of kidney

Sinusoid: (Most leaky; allow entire cells)

→ Found in: Liver, Bone marrow + Spleen

Components of capillary exchange (e.g. Filtration vs. Reabsorption) (Ch.20)

Bulk flow:

Filtration:

- Hydrostatic pressure (pushes fluid, out)

Reabsorption:

- Osmotic pressure (pulls fluid, back in)

- Created by Plasma proteins

What is the RAAS? (the Renin-Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin-System)(Ch.20)

Renin-Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin-System

Angiotensin I: (Liver + Kidneys)

Stimulus

low blood volume

Low perfusion

Primary vs. Secondary lymphatic structures (Ch.21)

Primary Lymphatic Structures:

• Bone marrow

• Thymus gland

Secondary Lymphatic Structures:

• Lymph nodes -Trabeculae - Framework

• Spleen - Red & White pulp

• Tonsils -Crypts - infoldings, can accumulate microorganisms

• Lymph nodules - MALT

Characteristics of Tonsils, lymph nodes, Spleen (Ch.21)

Tonsils = Pit like areas called crypts

Lymph nodes = They have structures in them called trabeculae. (give rigidity to the lymph nodes)

Spleen = red and white pulp

What is MALT? (Ch.21)

MALT:

Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Define: Is a collection of lymphoid tissue found in the mucous membranes lining various passages that are open to the external environment

How much lymph is produced each day? (Ch.21)

3L per day

Lymph is most closely related to what fluid? (Ch.21)

Interstitial fluid (IF)

What is found in lymph? (Ch.21)

• Water 💧 → Main component

• Ions (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺)

• Low concentration of proteins (much lower than in blood plasma)

• White blood cells (mostly lymphocytes)

• Cell debris, pathogens, and sometimes cancer cells

• Fats (in chyle, from digestive tract)

How does lymph enter the lymphatic capillary? (Ch.21)

One way endothall flaps:

Through a one-way pressure driven system (on way valve)

Trace of lymph flow (Ch.21)

Start -> ECF (Extracellular fluid)

Lymph Capillaries

Becomes Lymph

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes (filter)

Lymph vessels

Lymph trunk

Lymph duct

Junction between subclavian vein & jugular vein

Anatomy/characteristics of the Lymphatic vessels (Ch.21)

One way valve 
has valves like veins 
Moves Lymph using  
- muscle movement  
- breathing  
- smooth muscle contraction in vessel thin walls

Causes of edema (Ch.21)

1) Increase in blood pressure towards the venous end (Greater than osmotic pressure in plasma)

2) Hypoproteinemia (Not enough protein in plasma)

3) Lymphedema (Blocking in Lymph nodes or Vessels)

4) Increased capillary permeability in inflammatory response

What is Lymphedema? (Ch.21)

Blocking in lymph nodes or vessels.

Types of Lymphoma (Ch.21)

Hodgkins & Non- Hodgkins