esthetics state board

What is the integumentary system?

Skin

* Largest organ in the body
* Defense against infection
* Glands, hair, nails

What is Physiology?

The study of the functions performed by body structures.

What is Histology?

The study of the structure and composition of tissue.

What is ATP?

Chemical energy used within cells for metabolism.

What/where is the ethmoid bone?

Bone BETWEEN the eye sockets, form the nasal cavities

* Light, spongy bone
* Not affected when performing facial services

What/where is the sphenoid bone?

Forms the SIDES of the eye socket

* Not affected when performing facial services

What/where are the lacrimal bones?

Front INSIDE parts of the eye sockets

* Smallest most fragile bones of the face
* 2 of them

What/where are the zygomatic bones?

Also known as malaria bones, or cheekbones

What/where are the maxillae bones?

Two bones that form the upper jaw.

What/where is the mandible bone?

Forms the lower jaw

* Largest, strongest bone of the face

What are skeletal/voluntary muscles?

Contract with conscious thought

What are smooth/involuntary muscles?

Contract without conscious thought, not controllable.

What are the 4 muscles of the scalp?

Frontalis, occipitals, & 2 temporalis on the sides

What is the most important muscle during a facial massage?

The frontalis

* Raises the eyebrows
* draws the scalp forward
* causes wrinkles

What are the 2 muscles that control movement of the brows up and down?

Frontalis & Corrugator

What muscle contracts movement within the lips?

Orbicularis oris

What muscle is associated with smiling?

Levator anguli oris

How many nervous systems are there?

3

What are sensory nerves?

Carry impulses from organs to the brain

* Touch, temp, sight, taste, hearing, pain, smell, etc.

What are sensory receptors?

Sensory nerve endings that are located close to the skins surface.

What are motor nerves?

Carry impulses from the brain to the muscle or gland, producing movement.

What is the 7th cranial nerve?

Also known as the facial nerve, is the chief MOTOR nerve of the face.

What is the 5th cranial nerve?

Also known as the trifacial, is the chief SENSORY nerve of the face.

What is the 11th cranial nerve?

Known as the accessory nerve, a motor nerve that controls the neck and shoulder muscles.

What are the 6 primary functions of the skin?

1. sensation
2. protection
3. heat regulation
4. excretion
5. secretion
6. absorption

What is the role of hydrolipidic film on the skin?

Protects the skin from drying out from exposure to external factors.

What is the acid mantles average pH?

5\.5

What are melanocytes?

Cells that produce pigment and protect our bodies from h

How many main layers of the skin are there?

3

What is the subcutaneous layer?

composed of loose connective tissue, also known as adipose tissue.

* created protective cushion to the body
* 80% fat

What is the dermis layer?

Also called: derma, corium, cutis, or true skin

* support layer of connective tissues above the hypodermis
* 25x thicker than the epidermis
* consists of 2 layers
* supplies skin w/oxygen & nutrients

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

Reticular layer (below), & papillary layer (above)

What is the role of the reticular layer inside the dermis?

the deeper, denser layer of the dermis

* comprised of collagen & elastin
* damage causes wrinkles, sagging, aging
* Can be damaged by UV damage, smoking, or environment

What is the role of the papillary later inside the dermis?

Connects the dermis to the epidermis.

What is the dermal papillae?

Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis.

What is collagen?

protein substance of complex fibers that gives skin strength for wound healing.

What is elastin?

Fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue & gives skin elasticity.

What are glycosaminoglycans? (GAG’s)

Large protein molecules & water-binding substances found between the fibers of the dermis. Hyaluronic acid is an ex of a GAG.

What is the Epidermis?

The outermost layer of the skin

* The epithelial tissue that covers our body
* Thin, protective, w/many nerve endings
* Composed of 5 strata layers

What is stratum germinativum?

1/5- The germination/growth layer

* Also known as the basal cell layer
* Located above the dermis

What is the stratum spinosum?

2/5- Spiny cells

* Where cells continue to divide & change shape
* Where enzymes create lipids & proteins
* Contain immunity cells
* Largest layer of the epidermis

What is the stratum granulosum?

3/5- Grainy cells

* Composed of cells filled with keratin
* Production of keratin & intercellular lipids take place
* Water-soluble compounds helping hydrate the barrier

What is the stratum lucidum?

4/5- Clear cells

* Present only near thick skin, soles of feet, palms of hand, etc.
* Clear layer of dead skin cells under stratum corneum
* Forms fingerprints & footprints

What is the stratum corneum?

5/5- Horny cells

* Top outermost layer of the epidermis
* Primary layer estheticians work on
* Barrier layer, acid mantle, hardened corneocytes
* Has 15-20 layers of cells

What are keratinocytes?

Composed of keratin, comprise 95% of the epidermis.

* Help protect the epidermis

Where is keratin found?

All layers of the epidermis.

* Hard keratin is found in hair & nails

What/where are melanocytes?

Cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer (stratum germinativum). 5-10% of the basal cells are melanocytes.

What/where are melanosomes?

Pigment-carrying granules, in the basal layer

What/where are desmosomes?

Keratin filaments- the protein bonds that create junctions between cells, found in the stratum spinosum.

What is the process of desquamation?

Where keratinocytes are continually shed from the skin, taking place in the stratum corneum.

What is tyrosinase?

The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes, producing melanin.

How many melanosomes per keratinocyte do people with fair skin have?

Approximately 20

How many melanosomes perkertinocyte do people with dark skin have?

Approximately 200

What does the reticular layer consist of?

Collagen & elastin, glands, blood and lymph vessels, nerve endings, & intercellular fluids.

What does that papillary later consist of?

Touch receptors, blood vessels, capillaries, & dermal papilla.

What do 5/5 layers of the dermis contain?

Each of the 5 layers of the epidermis contain keratinocytes, immune cells & intercellular fluids.

What is the speed of hair growth per month?

0\.5in a month

What are the two types of keratin?

Alpha (A): Softer

Beta (B): Harder

What percentage of hair contains B keratin?

90%

What are motor/efferent nerve fibers?

Convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles/glands.

What are sensory/afferent nerve fibers?

Send messages to the central nervous system & brain, to react to heat, cold, pain, pressure, & touch.

What are sebaceous oil glands?

Connected to the hair follicles, producing oil to protect the surface of the skin.

What are sudoriferous sweat glands?

Help regulate body temp & eliminate minute amounts of waste products by excreting sweat.

What/where are apocrine glands?

Coiled structures attached to the hair follicles found under the arms & genital area.

* Sensitive to adrenaline

What/where are eccrine glands?

Found all over the body, primarily the forehead, palms, & soles of feet.

* Not connected to hair follicles
* Sensitive to high temps & physical activity

What is a lesion?

structural changes in the tissue caused by damage or injury

What is a primary lesion?

lesions in the initial stages of development or change

* cyst, blister, papule, tumor, acne, etc.

What is a secondary lesion?

Piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or scab.

* Sore, keloid, scale, scar, ulcer, crust, etc.

What is the difference between papules vs pustules?

Papules are red & inflamed, pustules are filled with pus from infection.

What is a comedo?

Non inflamed buildup of cells, sebum, and other debris inside follicles.

What is Polysystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

Hormonal condition that affects 1/20 women

* Hair growth, acne, weight changes, high testosterone levels, etc.

What is dermatitis?

Term for various inflammartory conditions of the skin

What is furuncle?

Also known as a boil, subcutaneous abscess filled with pus

What are the 4 different skin types?

* Normal
* Combo
* Oily
* Dry

What is the Fitzpatrick scale?

Used to measure the skin types ability to tolerate UV exposure.

* 1-6, 1 being lightest
* 4 considered the most challenging to treat

What is hypertrichosis?

Excess hair gross caused by hormone imbalance, or hereditary.

What are some common skin treatment contraindications?

* Certain skin diseases, disorders or sensitivities
* Topical medication
* Pregnancy
* Metal plates
* Pacemakers
* Seizures/epilepsy
* Oral steroids

What does INCI stand for?

International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient

What administration is responsible for ensuring the safety of a product?

Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

What does comedogenic refer to?

Term to describe a product that tends to clog pores & form blackheads

What is aromatherapy?

The inhalation of essential oils through the nose, traveling through the lining of the nasal cavity via tiny olfactory nerves.

* help within mental, emotional, and physical health.

What is proper draping for a facial?

* Towel across clients chest
* Towel/headband for hair

What do you do before the skin analysis?

Wash hands (Do not cleanse the skin prior)

What is dry skin usually the result of?

* Underactive sebaceous glands
* Dehydration
* Sun exposure

What is galvanic/high-frequency treatment?

Helps heal lesions and prevent infections.

* Can be incorporated after extractions

What are basics of electrotherapy?

Enhance facial treatments by making it easier for the esthetician to treat, and more therapeutic for the client.

* Lasers
* steamers
* light therapy
* microdermabrasion
* microcurrent

What are secondary colors?

Created when mixing equal parts of 2 primary colors

What are tertiary colors?

Created when mixing equal amounts of a primary of a primary colors, & its neighboring secondary color.

What are analogous colors?

Colors located right next to each other on the color wheel.

What are cool color undertones?

Pink, red, & bluish

What are warm color undertones?

Yellow, peach, & golden

What are neutral colors?

A mix of warm & cool undertones

What are complementary colors for blue eyes?

* Gold
* Peach
* Copper
* Plum
* Caramel

what are complementary colors for green eyes?

* Cooper
* Rust
* Plum
* Purples

What are complementary colors for brown eyes?

Brown is neutral, therefor any color, but contrasting colors can help make the eyes pop (greens & blues).

What are the 3 types of artificial lashes?

Band/strip lashes:

* Applied with adhesive on the natural lash line

Tabs:

* Small clusters of lashes

Individual lashes:

* Separate artificial eyelashes applied on top of the upper lash

What is the pH of acids?

0-6, 7 being neutral

What is the pH of alkalines?

8-14

What is the average pH of skin?

4\.5-5.5

What are chemical peels?

Process of removing excess accumulations of dead skin cells from the corneum layers of the epidermis.