Chapter 35-- 2022 Fall BIOL 1002 for Adam Hrincevich

Fat cells

_____ helped our ancestors survive starvation periods
_____ produce leptin, a hormone that controls hunger

fattest
--adipose

Americans are among the____ people in the world
--Estimated that 60% of adults are overweight
--Obesity is over-abundance of fat in_____ tissue

leptin

Obese people do not have less___ than normal, but ___ receptors may not work properly

Gastric bypass

What type of surgery is used to close off part of stomach/intestine?

Cholecystokinin

What may promote appetite suppression?

cholecystokinin

Elderly tend to have low appetites that sometimes endanger health; new drugs that block____ may help

Gastric bypass – surgery to close off part of stomach/intestine
Benefits~ weight loss decreases a person's risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral heart disease.
Changes~ Diet & exercise
False
The stomach will expand lager until it goes back to its original size. Must change lifestyle/diet

Benefits of this procedure? Lifestyle changes?
Individ who have gastric surgery loose weight permanently?

--
No
Complications of surgery include infection, blood clots, and internal bleeding.

How does a gastric bypass work? Is it permanent? What are the risks?

Nutrients

____are substances obtained from the environment that organisms need for their growth and survival

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water

Nutrients fall into six major categories:

carbohydrates and fats

Most energy is provided by ___ & _______
--Without this energy, cells die within minutes

lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Nutrients that supply energy are (3)____
--These molecules are broken down into subunits during digestion, which are then used during cellular respiration to generate ATP

calories
--calorie

Energy from nutrients is measured in___
--A ___ is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

--70
--20

The average human burns__ Calories per hour at rest, and up to___ Calories per minute during exercise

Do people of the same height or weight burn calories at the same rate? Why so/not so?

Carbohydrates

What is a source of quick energy?

Carbohydrates
Starch

--______include glucose, sucrose, and polysaccharides, long chains of sugar molecules
--What is the principle energy-storage material of plants?

Glycogen

What is used by animals for short-term energy storage?

Fats/oils

_____ are the most concentrated energy source.
_____contain over twice as many Calories per unit weight as do carbohydrates or proteins

body fat
Fat deposits (body fat)

When an animal’s diet provides more energy than it expends, most of the excess carbohydrates and fats are stored as ____
____ also provide insulation for animals living in cold environments such as seals, walruses, ect.

Fat Provides Insulation
fats are essential for maintaining the health of your skin and preventing chronic disease, but consuming too much of the wrong type of fat can lead to weight gain or heart disease.

Why is fat used in the animal kingdom? What advantages or disadvantages does it have?

body mass index (BMI)

The_____ is a common tool for estimating a healthy weight

18.5 and 24.9

A BMI between __&___ is considered healthy

33%

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about ___ of all U.S. adults are overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9) and an additional ___ are obese

BMI= body mass index
M= mass (in kilograms)
H= height (in meters)

BMI= m/ h^2
What do the letters mean?

BMI= m(kg)/ h(m/)^2

How do you calculate a BMI? Is this number “exact” per se for determining overweight conditions? How does body frame factor in?

protein

Amino acids form the building blocks of ______

In the digestive tract, protein from food is broken down into its amino acid subunits, which can be used to synthesize new proteins

Simply explain protein break down

--9
--essential amino acids
Essential amino acids can be obtained from protein-rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs, corn, beans, and soybeans

Humans are unable to synthesize___ of the 20 amino acids needed to make proteins
Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized must be obtained in the diet are called _________, which are obtained from:

a number of debilitating conditions, including kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency can result in:

Protein Deficiency

What causes kwashiorkor?

~famine, limited food supply and/or low levels of education (when people do not understand how to eat a proper diet).

--Kwashiorkor is most common in areas where there is:
--More common in very poor countries. It often during a drought or other natural disaster, or during political unrest. These conditions are responsible for a lack of food, which leads to malnutrition

Anorexia is a mental health condition in which someone has fears about weight gain or body shape. It can involve a severely restricted diet or medications to purge calories. Anorexia affects every body system due to severe weight loss or nutritional deficiencies.

What is this? How does to affect the body?

Minerals

____are elements required by the body
--can only be obtained in the diet or dissolved in drinking water

Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P)

Major minerals for bone and teeth:

Sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K)

minerals for muscle contraction and the conduction (movement) of nerve impulses:

Iron (Fe)
iodine (I)

____ a central mineral of hemoglobin in the blood and ____is found in hormones produced by the thyroid gland

zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr)

Animals also require trace amounts of these minerals:

Vitamins

____play many roles in metabolism
_____ are organic molecules that animals require in small amounts for normal cell function, growth, and development

No; they must be obtained in the diet

Can the body synthesize Vitamins?

1. Water soluble
2. Fat soluble

What are the two categories of vitamins?

vitamin C and the nine compounds that make-up the B-vitamin complex

Water-soluble vitamins include:

Dissolve in the blood plasma and are filtered out by the kidneys, they are not stored in appreciable amounts

How are water-soluble vitamins processed?

coenzymes

Most water-soluble vitamins act as_____ & work in conjunction with enzymes to promote chemical reactions.

a single

Because each vitamin participates in several metabolic processes, a deficiency of ____ vitamin(s) can have wide ranging effects

thymine
impairs cell division throughout the body

folic acid (a B vitamin) is required to synthesize____, a component of DNA; folic acid deficiency:

scurvy
pellagra

--Low vitamin C levels can lead to____
-- Low niacin (a B vitamin) can lead to____

A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra
A deficiency in a Water-Soluble Vitamin; Niacin which is a B vitamin that's made and used by your body to turn food into energy.

What is this and what is it caused by?
What nutrient deficiency can cause this?

Low vitamin C (a water-soluble vitamin) levels lead to scurvy; included gradual weakening, pale skin, sunken eyes, tender gums, muscle pain, loss of teeth
The use of lemons and limes to combat scurvy

What disease is shown here? How would you get it?

Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K

____ can be stored in body fat and may accumulate over time
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins:

1. A
2. D
3. E
4.K
Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin ___: used to synthesize the light-capturing molecule in the retina of the eye
Vitamin____: required for bone formation; its deficiency can lead to bone deformities such as rickets
Vitamin ___: an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals that form in the body
Vitamin ___: helps to regulate blood clotting
What type of vitamins are theses?

A deficiency in vitamin D (a Fat-soluble vitamin) can cause ricketts

What disease is shown here? How would you get it?

60% water

The human body is about ____

Food

Can a person survive longer without food or water?

watery solution
hydrolysis

All metabolic reactions occur in a _____, and water participates directly in____ reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

To guide informed nutritional choices
calories, fats,

Why are food labels placed on products today? What do these labels actually list?

red= Bad
Green= Good

Good versus bad foods? Saturated fat (bad)

Can you place the
food groups in the
correct spaces in this triangle?

too much of anything is not healthy

How does a “healthy diet” keep you healthy? Are ALL natural foods healthy?

Digestion

____is the process that physically and chemically breaks down food

Takes food in, digests food into small pieces that can be absorbed by the body, pieces not absorbed are waste products

Describe the simple of digestion:

1. Ingestion
2. Mechanical digestion
3. Chemical digestion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination

All digestive systems perform five tasks:
1. ____- Food is brought into the digestive tract through an opening, usually called a mouth
2.____-The food is physically broken down into smaller pieces that have a greater surface area than do larger particles, allowing digestive enzymes to attack them more efficiently
3.____- Digestive chemicals and enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller subunits
4.____- The small subunits are transported out of the digestive tract through cells lining the digestive tract to the blood for use by body cells
5.____- Indigestible materials are expelled from body

Differences between these 2 types of digestion?

intracellular digestion; digestion occurs within individual cells

What type of digestion do sponges do?

sedentary; chamber

Sponges are_____ filter-feeders that lack a digestive____

collar cells (line inside sponge)
phagocytosis
food vacuole
lysozome

Sponge Digestion takes place in _______ that engulf microscopic food particles and ingest them using______, forming a ______ which fuses with a______ (packet of digestive enzymes) within the cell that breaks down the food into smaller molecules
The smaller food molecules are absorbed into the cells cytoplasm
Indigestible material is expelled from the cell and sponge through a large opening in the body wall

intracellular digestion: Collar cells engulf using phagocytosis--> forms food vacuole that fuses with lysozome to break down--> cells' cytoplasm absorbs--> Expel wastes thru opening in body wall

Describe sponge digestion--

one opening

The simplest digestive system is a chamber with _____

extracellular digestion

___ is when food is broken down by enzymes outside the cells

the cnidarians (aquatic invertebrate animal) such as sea anemones, Hydra, and sea jellies

A sac with one opening is the simplest digestive system, and is found in:

gastrovascular cavity

cnidarians (aquatic invertebrate animal) have a _________ with a single opening at one end that acts as both a mouth and an anus

extracellular digestion: tentacles capture food--> Cells lining the gastrovascular cavity release enzymes--> these cells absorb the food--> Expel wastes thru mouth

Explain the digestion of aquatic cnidarians (invertebrate animal)

tubular

Most animals have____ digestive systems with specialized compartments

invertebrate animals
mouth; anus
grind up, enzymatically break down, absorb nutrients, and expel the wastes through the anus

Tubular Digestion system:
In most____
begin___, end____
Specialized regions within the tube--

A Tubular Digestion system

What type of Digestion system does the earthworm have?

Tubular Digestion system: burrows & soil passes thru the esophagus--> the crop (expandable sac) for storage--> gizzard to grinding--> intestine, enzymes break down--> Body absorbs--> wastes expelled

Explain an earthworms Digestion system:

What mode of digestion do worms use?

Carnivores-- eat other animals
Herbivores-- eat only plants
Omnivores-- eat both animals and plants

Different animals have radically different diets:

tiger Carnivores
rabbit Herbivores
human Omnivores

Incisors are used for biting
Canines are used for tearing
Premolars are used for grinding
Molars are used for crushing and chewing

Different teeth:

lion
cow

--thin, flat incisors for shearing off food, small canines, and large premolars and molars for crushing and grinding
--enlarged canines for stabbing and tearing flesh, and molars and premolars with sharp edges for shearing through tendon and bone
--reduced canines but large incisors for snipping plants, and big, flattened premolars and molars for grinding up plant material

Teeth
omnivores--
Carnivores---
Herbivores--

Bird’s stomachs grind food
--lack teeth and swallow food whole

What will a bird's stomach do?

Swallow food whole--> esophagus--> crop, stores and moistens--> stomach-- 1st chamber, enzymes; 2nd chamber, grinding--> Gizzard, more grinding--> small intestines, digested more and absorbed--> Expelled

Explain digestion system of a bird:

Ruminant
cellulose

______ herbivores, such as cows, are able to break down___

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Small intestine

Ruminants have multiple stomach chambers that contribute to the digestion of plant cellulose
---_____: houses bacteria, break down and then ferment cellulose and other carbohydrates
---_____: cud is regurgitated, chewed, and swallowed back into the rumen
---____: water, salts, and some small organic molecules are absorbed
---____: acid and protein-digesting enzymes begin protein digestion
---____: majority of the nutrients are absorbed

The ruminant digestive system

Mouth--> Esophagus--> Rumen--> Reticulum--> Esophagus--> mouth--> Esophagus--> Reticulum--> Omasum--> Abomasum--> Intestine

diet
--Because cell walls are difficult to digest, herbivore intestines are long --more time for nutrient absorption
--Carnivore intestines are relatively short --Proteins are easy

Small intestine length is correlated with ____
Explain how this relates to herbivores vs carnivores~~

In frog development, the herbivorous tadpole has a long small intestine, but the carnivorous frog intestine shortens to one-third its tadpole length

How can frogs relate to intestine length?

in the mouth
chewing= Mechanical
saliva= chemical

Where do Mechanical and chemical digestion begin?
give examples

amylase; breaks down starches into sugars
guard against infection
lubricates
dissolves

The functions of saliva include:
--Saliva contains______, which~
--It contains bacteria-killing enzymes and antibodies to~
--It_____ food to ease with swallowing
--It___ some molecules and exposes them to taste buds on tongue, which helps to identify the type and quality of food