Comprehensive Notes: Cellular Substrates to Embryology

100 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering substrates, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, protein synthesis, cell cycle, mitosis/meiosis, and embryology.

Monosaccharides are the sugars.

simple

Ribose and deoxyribose are examples of sugars.

pentose

Glucose is the sugar used as the basic fuel.

primary

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are .

linked together

Sucrose is glucose plus .

fructose

Lactose is glucose plus .

galactose

Maltose is glucose plus .

glucose

Glycogen is a large polymer of molecules and is the storage form.

glucose

Starch is a long chain of molecules.

glucose

Dietary fats are primarily in the form of .

triglycerides

A triglyceride is a glycerol bound to fatty acids.

three

Proteins are built from amino acids joined by bonds.

peptide

DNA contains a sugar and bases; one of the bases is .

guanine

RNA uses uracil and has sugar as .

ribose

In DNA, cytosine pairs with .

guanine

In DNA, adenine pairs with .

thymine

DNA is held together by bonds.

hydrogen

A gene codes for an RNA molecule.

RNA molecule

Transcription occurs in the where DNA is used to make messenger RNA.

nucleus

Translation occurs on the .

ribosome

A codon codes for a/an .

amino acid

tRNA anticodon carries the matching .

amino acid

The start codon is typically (AUG), which codes for methionine.

AUG

Stop codons include UAA, UAG, and .

UGA

The cell cycle includes interphase and the mitotic phase; interphase comprises phases.

three

G1 stands for the first phase.

gap

S phase stands for synthesis; chromosomes are .

replicated

The centrosome organizes the during mitosis.

mitotic spindle

Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and .

telophase

In prophase, chromatin becomes visible as .

chromosomes

In metaphase, chromosomes align at the plate.

equatorial

In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the .

centromere

In telophase, the nuclear envelope around the two sets of chromosomes.

reforms

Cytokinesis completes cell division by forming two .

daughter cells

Meiosis produces four haploid cells.

gamete

Crossing over in meiosis I leads to genetic .

variation

In meiosis II, there is no DNA .

replication

Random orientation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis contributes to genetic .

diversity

The zygote is a diploid cell formed by fusion of egg and .

sperm

The three germ layers are ectoderm, endoderm, and .

mesoderm

The stage with three germ layers is called .

gastrulation

Prenatal means birth.

before

Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters; the blanks: the three calendar periods called .

trimesters

The zygote forms after fertilization and is formed by the union of the haploid egg and haploid sperm; the union forms the .

zygote

A codon codes for a/an .

amino acid

The anticodon of tRNA carries the matching .

amino acid

Start codon AUG signals the start of .

translation

Stop codons signal the end of .

translation

Ribosomes synthesize .

proteins

Translation occurs on the .

ribosome

The enzyme that catalyzes transcription is RNA .

polymerase

Introns are removed during .

splicing

Mature mRNA exits the nucleus through a .

nuclear pore

Interphase is the phase when the cell grows and prepares for division; the blank: .

interphase

The phase where the cell divides to form two daughter cells is .

mitosis

Centrosomes organize the during mitosis.

mitotic spindle

Meiosis I includes crossing over; this leads to genetic .

variation

In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate during .

anaphase II

Meiosis results in four haploid cells.

gamete

G1 checkpoint ensures readiness for .

DNA replication

The genetic code is redundant because most amino acids are encoded by more than one .

codon

The three major types of RNA are mRNA, tRNA, and .

rRNA

The enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication is DNA .

helicase

Water-soluble substances require a protein to cross the lipid bilayer.

channel

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular .

respiration

Fructose is primarily metabolized in the .

liver

The promoter region helps RNA polymerase bind to start transcription; this region is called the transcription .

initiation

Exons code for protein; introns are removed during .

splicing

The start codon AUG signals the start of .

translation

The stop codons signal the end of .

translation

The translation initiation occurs on the ; the ribosome is the machine to assemble.

ribosome

The four DNA bases are A, T, C, and .

guanine

In RNA, thymine is replaced by .

uracil

Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and .

termination

The enzyme building a new DNA strand is DNA .

polymerase

A chromatid is one half of a duplicated .

chromosome

Centrosomes organize the during mitosis.

mitotic spindle

In mitosis, chromatids separate at the during anaphase.

centromere

The rapid cell divisions after fertilization without growth are called .

cleavage

The ectoderm forms the system and skin derivatives.

nervous

Endoderm forms the lining of the and respiratory tract.

gut

Mesoderm forms muscles, bones, and internal .

organs

Prenatal means before birth; postnatal means after birth; The blank: prenatal refers to events before .

birth

A peptide bond links amino acids into a growing .

polypeptide

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the .

liver

Triglycerides are broken down by lipases to glycerol and fatty acids.

fatty

The messenger RNA is abbreviated as .

mRNA

The transfer RNA is abbreviated as .

tRNA

Meiosis prophase I includes recombination producing genetic .

variation

DNA base pairing is held by bonds.

hydrogen

The RNA sequence is complementary to the DNA strand; thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA.

template

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to initiate .

transcription

The leading strand is synthesized ; the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

continuously

The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments is DNA .

ligase

The four phases of mitosis in order are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and .

Telophase

The amnion surrounds the developing .

embryo

The placenta forms from the chorion and the maternal .

endometrium

The stop codons include UAA, UAG, and .

UGA

Eukaryotic cells have a true , whereas prokaryotes lack it.

nucleus

The fertilized egg is formed by the process of .

fertilization