Bio- 50A Final exam

Organic Elements

has one of the 4 macromolecules

Inorganic Elements

does not have/produce macromolecules

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons; make up atoms

Atomic number

how many protons

Atomic mass

number of protons neutrons and electrons in an atom

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Elements that make up the human body

oxygen- 65%

carbon- 18%

hydrogen-10%

nitrogen-3%

others- 4%

Electrons

exist in shells around nucleus

Number of electrons for each shell?

First shell, 2 max

every other shell, 8 max

full valence shell

There is an equal number of electrons in the last shell.

Ionic bonds

donation of electrons, ions are attracted to each other (Ex. NaCl)

Covalent Bonds

Strongest bonds, Share electrons. Can make a full valence shell.

Polar bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

Most abundant element in the body

Hydrogen

Specific heat

The amount of energy required to put into a molecule to change temperature

What factors affect chemical reactions?

temperature, ph

What do enzymes do?

lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions

Acids

Release hydrogen ions

Bases

release hydroxide ions

What is pH?

concentration of hydrogen ions. Negative log scale. multiplied/ divided by the power of 10 ( pH6-100,pH7-10, pH8-0.1)

Monosaccharides

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) Glucose is the most common

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy currency

lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Non-polar/ Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. Likes and dislikes water

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein

Plasma membrane

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail. Oxygen, steroids, fatty acids, and other things lipid based are able to go through.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Temperature effects concentration gradient, lighter molecule will diffuse faster than heavier molecule.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Will move through membrane to dilute solute

Membrane proteins

Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane.( signaling, channels to allow passage, cell surface markers)

cell markers

blood type (A,B,O)

simple diffusion

able to pass through concentration gradient.

passive transport (Simple Diffusion)

Requires no energy/ ATP

Facilitated Diffusion

Used for substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer. (Passive Transport)

Conformational Shift

change in shape when a protein is binded

active transport

ATP is required to move substance. Only used if you have to push past its gradient.

Pump vs Channel

Pump- require pushing

Channel- allows substance to pass through

endocytosis vs exocytosis

endocytosis- into the cell

exocytosis- out of the cell.

Used for large molecule that wouldn't pass through

Ribosome

site for protein synthesis

Rough ER

embedded with ribosomes, RNA wrap around mRNA to start translation

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes, site for lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off products from the rough ER (FedEx)

Mitochondria

creates ATP for the cell. Only organelle with DNA

Cytoskeleton

helps with the structure of cell membrane

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

Nucleus

makes ribosomal RNA. Has it's own membrane

Red Blood cells

have no nucleus. Lifespan 3-4 months.

Muscle cells

have more than one nucleus

Chromatin

uncondensed DNA

How many genes do humans have?

about 22k

RNA vs DNA

-Uracil used instead of thymine in RNA

A-U instead of A-T

DNA to RNA to protein

-DNA is transcribed into complimentary RNA

-3 base pair codons encoded for amino acid (always starts with AUG)

-Coded amino acids are brought by tRNA and strung together by ribosomes

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA.

G1-growth phase

G0-interphase

S-synthesis

G2- growth in preparation for mitosis

epithelial tissue

(Epi-top) a sheet of cells. Cover exposed surfaces. Line internal cavities and passageways *has some level of permeability

function of epithelial tissue

protection, control of permeability, sensation, secretion

Microvilli

increase surface area

Cilia

move and create currents along epithelial surface

Classification of epithelia

Simple- one layer

Stratified- several layers

Squamous- thin flat cell

Cuboid- Height equal to width

Transitional- changes shape

Columnar- height 3-4x width

Serous glands

watery fluids rich in enzymes

Mucous glands

secrete glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form mucus

Mixed exocrine glands

contain cells capable of both serous and mucous secretions

connective tissue

special cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance

Matrix

The extracellular protein fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue

functions of connective tissue

Structural framework, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, protecting organs, storing energy, supporting/surrounding/connecting other tissues, defending the body against microorganisms

Collagen fibers

long cylindrical fibers. Most common and strongest

Reticular fiber

single unit of collagen protein

elastic fibers

contain the protein elastin

Areolar Tissue

Functions- Cushions organs and provides support

Location- lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract. Around blood vessels

Adipose Tissue

Function- provides padding and cushion. Insulates

Location- breasts

Reticular Tissue

Function- provides supporting framework

Location- liver, kidney, spleen

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones;

Location: tendons, most ligaments,

Elastic Tissue

Function- Stabilizes positions of vertebrae; cushions shocks;

Location-between vertebrae in spine

dense irregular connective tissue

Function- provides strength to resist forces

Location- capsules of visceral organs, nerve and muscle sheaths

Blood

fluid connective tissue containing plasma

Hyaline Cartilage

Functions- provides stiff but somewhat flexible support

Location- costal cartilage in ribs

elastic cartilage

function- maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Location- ear

Fibrous cartilage

Function- resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact

Location- intervertebral discs

mucous membrane

wet membranes with connection to the exterior

serous membrane

line the ventral body cavity

cutaneous membrane

thick, dry water resistant membrane

synovial membrane

consists of areolar tissue with an incomplete layer of overlying epithelium

integumentary system

includes the skin and accessory organs found within the skin

functions of the skin

protection (mechanical, pathologic barrier, radiation), produces vitamin D, sensory, thermo/hydro regulation and expression

skin structure

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

layers of epidermis

Deep-stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum(thick skin only), stratum corneum-superficial

Melanin

protects from skin cancer the more produced the darker the color

Hemoglobin

reddish- pink skin tones

Carotene

yellow hue to skin. Concentrates in stratum corneum

cyanosis

skin has blue appearance lack of oxygenated blood

Albinism

lack of melanin results in inheritance of nonfunction

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin due to inefficient removal of bilirub

Hemotoma

bruise mass of clotted blood

Friction ridges

finger prints

flexion lines

stretch marks

freckles and moles

melanocytes aggregates

hemangiomas

benign blood capillary tumors

Epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium