Peds Exam 1

Increased risks for children with disabilities

Higher likelihood of child abuse and safety concerns.

Intellectual disabilities

A range of disabilities caused by various factors, often associated with medical and psychiatric comorbidities.

Down Syndrome

A genetic condition often characterized by trisomy 21, with common comorbidities including cardiac defects and hearing impairments.

Trisomy 21

The genetic cause for 95% of Down Syndrome cases, where there are three copies of chromosome 21.

Fragile X

A common inherited cause of cognitive impairment, characterized by specific physical traits and mainly affecting males.

known to cause autism

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and mental stunting.

Autism

• Ranges from mild to severe 

• Symptoms usually noticed by 3, and can be gradual or sudden 

• Many potential causes, no cure 

• Lack of attachment or socialization 

• Tx. Focuses on symptoms and behavior management 

Failure to Thrive

A condition in children where weight or weight gain is significantly below normal.

Organic causes of failure to thrive

Causes related to the child's body, including chromosome abnormalities and heart defects.

Inorganic causes of failure to thrive

Causes linked to familial issues, such as parental emotional states and socioeconomic factors.

ADHD

A disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity, which is more common in boys.

Opiate usage

An increasing trend of opiate use among adolescents, concerning for development.

Puberty

The period where children undergo physical development, with girls typically developing earlier than boys.

Animism

The belief that nonliving things have living qualities, common in early childhood.

Centration

The tendency of a child to focus on one aspect of an object to the exclusion of others.

Egocentrism

Developmental stage where a child only understands their own perspective.

Irreversibility

The inability of a child to mentally reverse the order of events.

Magical Thought

The belief that one's thoughts can influence events, common in young children.

Diphtheria

• S/S: Sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, airway obstruction

• Administer abx, immunization status, closely observe respiratory status, droplet precautions for a child, no longer infectious 9 days following parotid swelling

Pertussis

• “Whooping cough” paroxysmal coughing spells (difficulty breathing)

• Lack of immunization is a big risk factor

• Humidity, suctioning of the nose, fluids, antibiotics, droplet precautions

• Often misdiagnosed as RSV

Tetanus

• S/S: lockjaw, trouble swallowing, muscle spasms, change to bp and hr, PE, pneumonia

• Lack of immunization (go figure)

• Wound care, TIG (human tetanus immune globulin), tetanus vaccine, drugs for muscle spasms, antibiotics, ventilation possible

Haemophilus influenzae Type B

S/S: Fever, confusion, headache/stiff nech, light sensitivity, nausea, poor reflexes (meningitis), 

Mostly affects children less than 5

Can cause meningitis, pneumonia, swelling of the throat, infection to joints, bones, and heart, sepsis, otis media, conjunctivitis

Antibiotics, respiratory support, meds to treat symptoms, droplet precautions

Measles

Highly contagious, 

S/S: Fever, cough, coryza(cold symptoms), conjunctivitis, rash, koplik spots

Treated with bedrest, fluids, antipyretics, cool mist

Airborne precautions

Mumps

Fever, swelling of parotid (cheeks), orchitis in boys (can result in sterility in boys), meningitis/encephalitis, 

Supportive tx, airway, icepack for testicles if orchitis present

Droplet precautions

Rubella

• Can be transmitted mother to fetus

• Spread up to a week before rash appears

• Facial rash that spreads to other areas of the body

• Supportive tx.

• Maternal rubella can result in miscarriage, fetal demise, or congenital malformations

• Screen for pt contact with pregnant women and notify them of possible exposure

• Vaccines :/ 

Chicken Pox

• Highly contagious, airborne + Contact precautions

• Approx 90% not immune will become infected with close contact

• Supportive tx, vaccine!!!

• Symptoms can take 10-21 days to develop. It can spread 1-2 days before appearance.

Poliomyelitis

• Vaccines!!!

• There is no cure for polio

• Flu like symptoms and possible paralysis / permanent disability

• Manage respiratory, contact precautions

• Limit contact with saliva and feces, VERY GOOD HAND HYGIENE

• Flu-like symptoms, paralysis 

Pinworms

• Fecal oral route of transmission

• Anal itching 

• Dx tape worms and microscope

• Vermox med

• Keep fingernails short and hand washing!