HLSC 301: Human Pathophysiology for Healthcare Majors - Pulmonary Function

These flashcards cover key concepts related to pulmonary function and disorders.

Hypercapnia

Increased levels of carbon dioxide (Paco2) in the blood.

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition caused by hypoventilation leading to increased Paco2.

Hypoxemia

Reduced levels of oxygen (Pao2) in the blood.

Hypoxia

Decreased oxygenation of cells and tissues.

Respiratory Failure

Inadequate gas exchange resulting in Pao2 ≤ 50 mm Hg or Paco2 ≥ 50 mm Hg with pH ≤ 7.25.

Acute Respiratory Failure

A life-threatening condition with inadequate ventilation or oxygen exchange.

Diagnosis of Respiratory Conditions

Methods include history, physical examination, arterial blood gases, chest X-ray, and complete blood counts.

Treatment for Respiratory Failure

Includes oxygen therapy, endotracheal intubation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids.

Infectious Rhinitis

Common cold primarily caused by rhinovirus, often leads to secondary bacterial infections.

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinus cavities caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungus.

Epiglottitis

Life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis, commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza type B.

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx, often self-limiting and of viral origin.

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

Common viral infection in children that leads to airway narrowing.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree including large bronchi.

Bronchiolitis

Common viral infection of the bronchioles, often caused by RSV.

Influenza

Viral infection affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract with significant morbidity.

COVID-19

Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus; characterized by fever, cough, and fatigue.

Pneumonia

Infection in the lower respiratory tract caused by various infectious agents.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs.

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity decreasing lung expansion.

Pleural Effusion

Excess fluid in the pleural cavity, impairing breathing.

Hemothorax

Blood in the pleural space resulting from traumatic injury.

Chylothorax

Presence of chyle in the pleural space due to disruption of lymphatic drainage.

Empyema

Pus in the pleural space, often due to pneumonia or lung obstruction.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Rapidly developing respiratory failure due to systemic or pulmonary events.

Asthma

Chronic disorder involving reversible airway obstruction and inflammation.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Debilitating chronic disorder characterized by progressive airway obstruction.

Chronic Bronchitis

Characterized by hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough.

Emphysema

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to large, hyperinflated alveoli.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder leading to thick mucus and frequent lung infections.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg.

Cor Pulmonale

Right ventricular enlargement due to pulmonary hypertension.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep leading to breathing interruptions.

Lung Cancer

Bronchogenic carcinoma arising from respiratory tract epithelium, primarily associated with smoking.

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

Most common type of lung cancer, consists of squamous and adenocarcinoma.

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Rapidly growing lung cancer associated with heavy smoking.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs, typically a result of heart failure.

Atelectasis

Collapse of alveoli leading to impaired gas exchange.

Aspiration

Inhalation of foreign materials into the lungs.

Pneumoconiosis

Occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of inorganic dust.

Allergic Alveolitis

Inflammation of the alveoli due to inhalation of organic dusts.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Excessive scarring of lung tissue leading to decreased lung compliance.

Diagnosis of Lung Diseases

Involves H&P, imaging, and pathology tests.

Treatment for Lung Diseases

Includes pharmacological agents, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery.