Freud

Id

pleasure principle and immediate gratification

ego

Reality Principle

Superego (Freud)

Morality part of personality

Oral Stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

Anal Stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

Phallic Stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the genitals becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

Latency Stage

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

Defense Mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra Complex

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Repression (defense mechanism)

Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness

sublimation (defense mechanism)

channeling threatening devices into acceptable outlets (e.g. working out)

sublet-->outlet

Rationalization (defense mechanism)

Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors.

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Carl Rogers

Developed "client-centered" therapy

Humanistic Perspective

the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

Trait theory

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

Conscientious

characterized by extreme care and great effort

Agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Big Five Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

empirically derived test

developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

MMPI

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Person situation controversy

A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior.

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Bobo Doll study

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

self-reference effect

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

Self Serving Bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.